Konradt Norbert, Kuhlen Jan Gerrit, Rohns Hans-Peter, Schmitt Birgitt, Fischer Uwe, Binder Timo, Schumacher Vera, Wagner Christoph, Kamphausen Stefan, Müller Uwe, Sacher Frank, Janknecht Peter, Hobby Ralph, ElSherbiny Ibrahim M A, Panglisch Stefan
Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Viega Technology GmbH & Co. KG, Viegaplatz 1, 57439 Attendorn, Germany.
Membranes (Basel). 2021 Jan 2;11(1):33. doi: 10.3390/membranes11010033.
In response to increasingly stringent restrictions for drinking water quality, a parallel operation of two common technologies, low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) and activated carbon filtration (ACF), was investigated in a comprehensive five-month pilot study for the removal of 32 typical trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from Rhine bank filtrates employing a semi- technical plant. TrOCs have been divided into three groups: polyfluorinated aliphatic compounds; pharmaceuticals, pesticides and metabolites; in addition to volatiles, nitrosamines and aminopolycarboxylic acids, which were also examined. The net pressure behavior, normalized salt passage and rejection of TrOCs by LPRO were investigated and compared with ACF operation. In addition, autopsies from the leading and last membrane modules were performed using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), total organic carbon (TOC), ICP-OES and SEM-EDX techniques. Generally, rather stable LPRO membrane performance with limited membrane fouling was observed. TrOCs with a molecular weight of ≥ 150 Da were completely retained by LPRO, while the rejection of di- and trichloro compounds improved as the filtration progressed. ACF also showed significant removal for most of the TrOCs, but without desalination. Accordingly, the ACF and LPRO can be operated in parallel such that the LPRO permeate and the ACF-treated bypass can be mixed to produce drinking water with adjustable hardness and significantly reduced TrOCs.
为应对日益严格的饮用水水质限制，在一项为期五个月的全面中试研究中，对低压反渗透（LPRO）和活性炭过滤（ACF）这两种常用技术的并行运行进行了研究，该研究采用半工业规模装置从莱茵河岸边渗滤液中去除32种典型的痕量有机污染物（TrOCs）。TrOCs被分为三组：多氟脂肪族化合物；药物、农药及其代谢物；此外，还对挥发性物质、亚硝胺和氨基多羧酸进行了检测。研究了LPRO的净压力行为、归一化盐透过率和对TrOCs的截留率，并与ACF运行情况进行了比较。此外，使用三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、总有机碳（TOC）、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪（SEM-EDX）技术对首个和最后一个膜组件进行了剖析。总体而言，观察到LPRO膜性能相当稳定，膜污染有限。分子量≥150 Da的TrOCs被LPRO完全截留，而随着过滤的进行，二氯和三氯化合物的截留率有所提高。ACF对大多数TrOCs也有显著去除效果，但没有脱盐作用。因此，ACF和LPRO可以并行运行，这样LPRO渗透液和ACF处理后的旁路液可以混合，以生产硬度可调且TrOCs显著减少的饮用水。
