Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Apr;28(14):18120-18133. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-12008-z. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
Effects of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit (Indian gooseberry) pomace (EFP), a waste from fruit processing plants and rich in polyphenolic compounds, were investigated for ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, methane production, and milk production performance in buffaloes. An in vitro experiment was conducted using 0 to 50 g/kg of EFP (six treatments) to select an optimum dose for feeding of buffaloes. Organic matter (OM) degradability, total volatile fatty acid concentration, and acetate proportion decreased, but propionate proportion increased at the higher doses (> 30 g/kg). Methane production also decreased at the higher doses (≥ 20 g/kg). In the in vivo study, ten lactating buffaloes were randomly allotted into control and EFP groups (n = 5/group). The control group was fed a total mixed ration, whereas the EFP group was fed the control ration along with EFP at 20 g/kg of dry matter (DM) intake for 120 days. Feeding of EFP to buffaloes improved milk yield (P < 0.01) and milk production efficiency (P < 0.01). Concentration of milk protein tended (P = 0.071) to increase and that of solid not fat increased (P = 0.032) due to the EFP feeding. Yields (kg/day) of milk fat (P = 0.026), solid not fat (P = 0.011), and protein (P = 0.002) were greater in the EFP group than the control group. Somatic cell count in milk decreased (P = 0.032) due to EFP feeding. Digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.001) increased and OM (P = 0.051) tended to increase by EFP feeding. Methane production (g/d), yield (g/kg DM intake or g/kg digestible organic matter intake), and intensity (g/kg milk, g/kg milk fat, or g/kg milk protein), and methane conversion rate (percentage of gross energy intake) were lower (P < 0.01) in the EFP group than the control group. For milk fatty acid (FA) profiles, total saturated FA proportion tended to be greater (P = 0.057) in the EFP group than the control group, which was due to increased (P = 0.045) proportion of total short- and medium-chain FA (C4 to C14). Feed intake, digestibility of crude protein and fiber, and total n-6, n-3, mono-unsaturated FA, poly-unsaturated FA, and long-chain FA (C18 to C24) proportions were similar between the groups. This study suggests that feeding of EFP at 20 g/kg DM intake increases milk production and decreases methane production and intensity without impacting health of buffaloes and FA profiles of milk. This is a win-win situation for sustainable and cleaner buffalo production by improving milk production and decreasing environmental burdens of greenhouse gas emission and EFP residue disposal problems.
印度醋栗果渣（EFP）作为水果加工厂的废弃物，富含多酚化合物，对水牛的瘤胃发酵、养分利用、甲烷生成和产奶性能的影响。进行了一项体外试验，使用 0 至 50 g/kg 的 EFP（六个处理）来选择水牛喂养的最佳剂量。随着剂量的增加（>30 g/kg），有机物（OM）降解率、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸比例降低，而丙酸比例增加。甲烷生成也随着剂量的增加（≥20 g/kg）而减少。在体内研究中，将 10 头泌乳水牛随机分为对照组和 EFP 组（n = 5/组）。对照组饲喂全混合日粮，而 EFP 组则在干物质（DM）摄入量为 20 g/kg 的情况下，以 20 g/kg DM 的量同时饲喂对照日粮和 EFP，持续 120 天。给水牛喂食 EFP 提高了产奶量（P < 0.01）和产奶效率（P < 0.01）。由于 EFP 喂养，牛奶中蛋白质的浓度有增加的趋势（P = 0.071），而固体非脂肪的浓度也增加（P = 0.032）。牛奶脂肪（P = 0.026）、固体非脂肪（P = 0.011）和蛋白质（P = 0.002）的日产量在 EFP 组中高于对照组。由于 EFP 喂养，牛奶中的体细胞计数降低（P = 0.032）。乙醚提取物（P < 0.001）的消化率增加，OM（P = 0.051）也有增加的趋势。EFP 喂养使甲烷产量（g/d）、产量（g/kg DM 摄入量或 g/kg 可消化有机物质摄入量）和强度（g/kg 奶、g/kg 奶脂肪或 g/kg 奶蛋白）以及甲烷转化率（总摄入总能的百分比）降低（P < 0.01）在 EFP 组中比对照组。对于牛奶脂肪酸（FA）谱，总饱和 FA 比例在 EFP 组中趋于更高（P = 0.057），这是由于总短链和中链 FA（C4 至 C14）比例增加（P = 0.045）所致。两组间的采食量、粗蛋白和纤维消化率以及总 n-6、n-3、单不饱和 FA、多不饱和 FA 和长链 FA（C18 至 C24）比例相似。本研究表明，在 DM 摄入量为 20 g/kg 时，EFP 的添加可提高产奶量，降低甲烷生成和强度，而不会影响水牛的健康和牛奶的 FA 谱。通过提高产奶量和减少温室气体排放的环境负担以及 EFP 残渣处理问题，这是一种双赢的局面，有利于可持续和更清洁的水牛生产。
