Tilahun Mekonnen, Zhao Liansheng, Sun Lingling, Shen Yifan, Ma Lu, Callaway Todd R, Xu Jianchu, Bu Dengpan
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Feb 28;11(3):485. doi: 10.3390/antiox11030485.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a diet supplemented with fresh amla fruit as a natural feed additive on blood metabolic parameters, milk antioxidant capacity, and milk fatty acid (FA) proportions in lactating dairy cows. Eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation dairy cows were used in a repeated crossover design. The first group of four cows received total mixed ration (TMR) feed without fresh amla fruit (control group). The remaining four cows sequentially supplemented fresh amla fruit (FAF) at three levels (200, 400, then 600 g/d) (treatment group) at 14-day intervals. In second period, control and treatment groups were exchanged. The first ten days were adjusted to diet adaptation for each sub-period, and the last four days for sampling milk and blood. A total of 514 metabolites were detected from FAF using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The five main metabolites in FAF were phenolic acids (22%), flavonoids (20%), lipids (20%), amino acids and derivatives (9%), and tannins (7%). Amla fruit supplementation reduced total saturated fatty acid and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio at 200 or 400 g/d FAF dose compared to controls. In addition, amla fruit increased unsaturated FA, such as C (Eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and C (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), and branched-chain FA in a dose-dependent manner at 200 or 400 g/d compared to controls. In addition, amla fruit increased the antioxidant capacity biomarkers in the blood, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and albumin; this confirms that amla fruit is an excellent antioxidant, inhibiting reactive oxygen species' (ROS) metabolism, and can thereby protect cells from oxidative stress. Moreover, the most remarkable improvement of ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in milk was recorded at 400 g/d FAF doses compared to controls. Therefore, fresh amla fruit doses for lactating cows at 400 g/d on an as-fed basis can be used as an alternative additive feed in dairy cow diets to improve antioxidant capacity, protein efficiency, butter quality, and to produce more desirable milk fatty acid profiles for human consumption.
本研究的目的是调查在泌乳奶牛日粮中添加新鲜余甘子果实作为天然饲料添加剂对血液代谢参数、牛奶抗氧化能力和牛奶脂肪酸（FA）比例的影响。八头装有瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期奶牛采用重复交叉设计。第一组四头奶牛饲喂不含新鲜余甘子果实的全混合日粮（对照组）。其余四头奶牛依次以三个水平（200、400，然后600克/天）补充新鲜余甘子果实（FAF）（处理组），间隔14天。在第二个时期，对照组和处理组进行了交换。每个子时期的前10天用于日粮适应调整，最后4天用于采集牛奶和血液样本。使用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱（UPLC-ESI-MS/MS）从FAF中总共检测到514种代谢物。FAF中的五种主要代谢物是酚酸（22%）、黄酮类化合物（20%）、脂质（20%）、氨基酸及其衍生物（9%）和单宁（7%）。与对照组相比，在200或400克/天FAF剂量下，补充余甘子果实降低了总饱和脂肪酸和ω-6/ω-3比例。此外，与对照组相比，在200或400克/天剂量下，余甘子果实以剂量依赖的方式增加了不饱和脂肪酸，如二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA），以及支链脂肪酸。此外，余甘子果实增加了血液中的抗氧化能力生物标志物，如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和白蛋白；这证实了余甘子果实是一种优秀的抗氧化剂，抑制活性氧（ROS）代谢，从而可以保护细胞免受氧化应激。此外，与对照组相比，在400克/天FAF剂量下，牛奶中的铁还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）和总抗氧化能力（TAC）有最显著的提高。因此，以饲喂量计，泌乳奶牛日粮中400克/天的新鲜余甘子果实剂量可作为奶牛日粮中的替代添加剂饲料来提高抗氧化能力、蛋白质效率、黄油质量，并生产出更适合人类消费的牛奶脂肪酸谱。
