Controlled NO-Release from 3D-Printed Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts Prevents Platelet Activation and Bacterial Infectivity.

Thrombogenicity and bacterial infectiveness are the most common complications for foreign blood contacting surfaces associated with functional failure of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs). In this work, novel bactericidal and nonthrombogenic SDVGs were manufactured via 3D-printing technology, thus producing a controlled nitric oxide (NO) release coating. -Nitroso--acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP) was synthesized as an NO-donor, and three biomedical grade composite matrixes of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-SNAP, polycaprolactone (PCL)-SNAP, and PEG-PCL-SNAP were validated for water uptake and NO-release kinetics. To optimize and extend the NO releasing profile, a PCL top-coat (tc) was deposited over the NO-releasing layer. The PEG-PCL-SNAP-tc was selected for biological tests as its NO-release profile was prolonged and well-controlled. Coating the 3D-printed SDVG with PEG-PCL-SNAP-tc resulted in quantitative antibacterial features against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and in NO-mediated inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation. Antibacterial and antithrombogenic properties in plasma are expected to be as effective as in PBS, since NO release in plasma was not significantly different from that in PBS. Overall, application of the inexpensive, rapid, and reproducible 3D-printing technology as a custom-based production method, in combination with a well-controlled NO release system, is promising for the production of innovative bactericidal and hemocompatible SDVGs.