Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, UNAM, Av. Joel Montes Camarena s/n Centro, 82040, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Institute of Marine Science, WIGS, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Apr;28(16):20737-20750. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11788-8. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
The atmospheric Pb emissions (1901-2019), from one of the world's largest non-ferrous metallurgical complexes (Met-Mex in Torreón, México), were estimated based on historical records of modifications in the design, processes, and production volumes. Eight historical periods, with differing amounts of Pb emissions, were distinguished: (1) Essentially no controls (1901-1960); (2) migration to limited controls (1961-1972) by conversion to a Pb-Zn smelter-refining complex and installation of SO collectors in 1961-1963; (3) completion to limited control (1973-1977) by the installation of a third HSO collector and a low-efficiency filtration system; (4) maintenance of limited control with no changes (1978-1987); (5) migration to strict control (1988 to 1998) by updating HSO collectors and installation of fertilizer and SO liquid extraction plants; (6) completion to strict control (1999-2000) by the installation of state-art technology filtration systems and roofing working areas; (7) migration to abatement (2001-2003) by implantation of good management practices; and (8) maintenance of abatement following good management practices (2004-2019). Based on differences between those periods, we reconstructed the evolution of the Pb emission reduction efficiency (ER in %) and Pb emission factors (EF in gram/ton) for the Torreón complex. Pb emitted by the complex over the past 118 years totaled 23,350-27,580 t, with most of it (63-75%) occurring when emission controls were negligible (pre-1960 period). In comparisons with other facilities worldwide (e.g., the USA, Canada, and Europa), the modification in Met-Mex for control the Pb emission occurred several years. Emissions from the primary Pb-Zn smelter-refining are released mostly to the atmosphere from the sintering, smelting, drossing, and refining. While Pb emissions from the facility have declined by over an order of magnitude to contemporary levels (≤ 12.6 t/year), the current Pb rates still account for atmospheric Pb levels that are 2-3 times higher the USEPA standard and still constitutes a major health threat in Torreón.
对世界上最大的非铁金属冶金综合体之一（墨西哥托雷翁的 Met-Mex）的大气 Pb 排放（1901-2019 年）进行了估算，其依据是设计、工艺和产量变化的历史记录。区分了 8 个具有不同 Pb 排放量的历史时期：（1）基本无控制（1901-1960 年）；（2）通过转换为 Pb-Zn 冶炼厂-精炼综合体并于 1961-1963 年安装 SO 收集器，向有限控制的转变（1961-1972 年）；（3）通过安装第三个 HSO 收集器和低效率过滤系统，完成有限控制（1973-1977 年）；（4）无变化的有限控制维护（1978-1987 年）；（5）通过更新 HSO 收集器和安装肥料和 SO 液提取厂，向严格控制的转变（1988 年至 1998 年）；（6）通过安装最先进的技术过滤系统和屋顶工作区域，完成严格控制（1999-2000 年）；（7）通过植入良好的管理实践，向减排的转变（2001-2003 年）；（8）自采用良好管理实践以来，维持减排（2004-2019 年）。基于这些时期之间的差异，我们重建了 Torreón 综合体的 Pb 减排效率（以百分比表示的 ER）和 Pb 排放因子（以克/吨表示的 EF）的演变。过去 118 年来，该综合体排放的 Pb 总量为 23350-27580 吨，其中大部分（63-75%）发生在排放控制微不足道（1960 年前时期）的时候。与世界其他地区的其他设施（例如美国、加拿大和欧洲）相比，Met-Mex 为控制 Pb 排放而进行的改造晚了几年。从主要的 Pb-Zn 冶炼厂-精炼厂释放的 Pb 排放主要通过烧结、冶炼、浮渣和精炼释放到大气中。虽然该设施的 Pb 排放量已减少了一个数量级以上，达到当代水平（≤12.6 吨/年），但目前的 Pb 水平仍比美国环保署标准高 2-3 倍，仍然是托雷翁的主要健康威胁。
