Sattar Abdul, Zakaria Zunita, Abu Jalila, Aziz Saleha A, Rojas-Ponce Gabriel
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 90150, Pakistan.
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
BMC Vet Res. 2021 Jan 7;17(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02695-8.
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes a chronic infectious in the birds known as avian mycobacteriosis. Almost all species of the birds are susceptible to MAC which consists of two closely related species of mycobacteria, that is, M. avium and M. intracellulare. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) in chickens and captive birds in selected states of Peninsular Malaysia.
A 300 fecal samples were collected from village chickens (n = 100), layer chickens (n = 100) and captive birds (n = 100). Fecal samples were split into two aliquots for microbiological and molecular detection of MAA. Microbiology detection consisted of microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) and culture of samples decontaminated with 1% Cetylperidinium chloride and vancomycin, nalidixic acid and amphotericin B (VNA) antibiotic cocktail [vancomycin (VAN) 100 μg/ml, nalidixic acid (NAL) 100 μg/ml and amphotericin B (AMB) 50 μg/ml] onto Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J). Molecular detection (PCR-IS901) was performed to detect MAA DNA from the feces and PCR-16S rRNA and IS901 for identification of genus Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium avium sub species avium isolated onto L-J. All samples (296) were AFB negative smear. M. avium was isolated in 0.3% (1/296) samples by culture and detected in 2.5% (6/242) samples by PCR (IS901). Other mycobacteria were found in 1.7% (5/296) chickens. Of five isolates, two were identified as Mycobacterium terrae and M. engbaekii and remaining isolates were not sequenced. Birds positive for M. avium included White Pelican (n = 1) Black Hornbill (n = 1), Macaw (n = 2), Cockatoo (n = 2) and village chicken (n = 1).
It is concluded that chickens and birds were infected with M. avium in selected areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Although, PCR is rapid, reliable and cost effective method for detection of M. avium in a subclinical stage, the culture of the avian feces should still be used as a reference test for the diagnosis of avian tuberculosis.
鸟分枝杆菌复合体（MAC）可在鸟类中引发一种慢性感染，称为禽分枝杆菌病。几乎所有鸟类都易感染MAC，它由两种密切相关的分枝杆菌组成，即鸟分枝杆菌和胞内分枝杆菌。本研究旨在确定马来西亚半岛部分州的鸡和圈养鸟类中鸟分枝杆菌亚种鸟型分枝杆菌（MAA）的感染情况。
从乡村鸡（n = 100）、蛋鸡（n = 100）和圈养鸟类（n = 100）中收集了300份粪便样本。粪便样本分成两份用于MAA的微生物学和分子检测。微生物学检测包括显微镜检查（齐-尼氏染色）以及将用1%十六烷基氯化吡啶鎓和万古霉素、萘啶酸及两性霉素B（VNA）抗生素混合液[万古霉素（VAN）100μg/ml、萘啶酸（NAL）100μg/ml和两性霉素B（AMB）50μg/ml]去污后的样本接种到罗-琴（L-J）培养基上进行培养。进行分子检测（PCR-IS901）以从粪便中检测MAA DNA，并进行PCR-16S rRNA和IS901检测以鉴定接种到L-J培养基上分离出的分枝杆菌属和鸟分枝杆菌亚种鸟型分枝杆菌。所有样本（296份）抗酸杆菌涂片均为阴性。通过培养在0.3%（1/296）的样本中分离出鸟分枝杆菌，通过PCR（IS901）在2.5%（6/242）的样本中检测到该菌。在1.7%（5/296）的鸡中发现了其他分枝杆菌。在五株分离株中，两株被鉴定为地分枝杆菌和恩贝克分枝杆菌，其余分离株未进行测序。鸟型分枝杆菌检测呈阳性的鸟类包括白鹈鹕（n = 1）、黑犀鸟（n = 1）、金刚鹦鹉（n = 2）、凤头鹦鹉（n = 2）和乡村鸡（n = 1）。
得出的结论是，马来西亚半岛部分地区的鸡和鸟类感染了鸟分枝杆菌。虽然PCR是在亚临床阶段检测鸟分枝杆菌的快速、可靠且经济高效的方法，但禽粪便培养仍应作为禽结核病诊断的参考检测方法。
