Interpenetrating Alginate-Collagen Polymer Network Microspheres for Modular Tissue Engineering.

The lack of vascularization limits the creation of engineered tissue constructs with clinically relevant sizes. We pioneered a bottom-up process (modular tissue engineering) in which constructs with intrinsic vasculature were assembled from endothelialized building blocks. In this study, we prepared an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel from a collagen-alginate blend and evaluated its use as microspheres in modular tissue engineering. Ionotropic gelation of alginate was combined with collagen fibrillogenesis, and the resulting hydrogel was stiffer and had greater resistance to enzymatic degradation relative to that of collagen alone; the viability of embedded mesenchymal stromal cells (adMSC) was unaltered. IPN microspheres were fabricated by a coaxial air-flow technique, and an additional step of collagen coating was required to have human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) attach and proliferate. When implanted subcutaneously in SCID/bg mice, adMSC-HUVEC microspheres promoted more blood vessels at day 7 relative to microspheres without adMSC but coated with HUVEC. Perfusion studies confirmed that these vessels were connected to the host vasculature. Fewer vessels were detected in both groups at day 21, but in adMSC-HUVEC explants, more smooth muscle cells had wrapped around vessels, and CLARITY processing of whole explants revealed a restricted leakage of blood. The capacity for rapid gelation and high throughput production are promising features for the use of these microspheres in modular tissue engineering.