Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
Nutrition Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
J Nutr. 2021 Mar 11;151(3):628-635. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa352.
Objective dietary biomarkers are urgently needed for a wider range of foods and nutrients. The breath carbon isotope ratio (CIR; measured as δ13C values) has potential as a noninvasive measure of short-term added sugar (AS) intake but has not been evaluated in a controlled-feeding study.
The aim was to evaluate the effect of short-term AS intake on breath CIR in a dose-response, randomized, crossover feeding study.
Six men and 6 women, aged 25 to 60 y, were randomly assigned to a balanced sequence of 5 dietary treatments. Three treatments delivered low (0 g/d), medium (75 g/d), or high (150 g/d) amounts of AS over the course of a single day's breakfast and lunch and 2 switched high and low intake amounts between breakfast and lunch. Experimental meals delivered 60% of daily energy and added-sugar targets. There was a washout period of 1-2 wk between treatments. Breath was collected at 2-h intervals from 08:00 (fasting) to 16:00 h. Breath CIR was measured using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and the effects of dietary treatments and baseline were evaluated using multivariate linear regression.
Breath CIR showed a significant response to increasing AS intake at all sampling time points (all P < 0.0001), with a dose-response of 0.030 (95% CI: 0.024, 0.037) ‰/g. Fasting breath CIR (baseline) influenced postfeeding breath CIR at all sampling time points (P < 0.0001); however, effect sizes were largest in the morning. For afternoon-collected samples (14:00 and 16:00), the effect of recent AS intake (lunch) was 4-fold greater than the effect of previous added-sugar intake (breakfast).
These findings support the potential of the breath CIR as a biomarker of short-term AS intake in healthy US adults. More work is needed to evaluate other potential dietary effects and whether multiple breath collections could capture daily AS intake.
目前迫切需要针对更广泛的食物和营养素开发客观的膳食生物标志物。呼吸碳同位素比（CIR；以 δ13C 值表示）具有作为短期添加糖（AS）摄入量的非侵入性测量指标的潜力，但尚未在对照喂养研究中进行评估。
本研究旨在通过一项剂量反应、随机、交叉喂养研究评估短期 AS 摄入对呼吸 CIR 的影响。
6 名年龄在 25 至 60 岁的男性和 6 名女性被随机分配到 5 种饮食处理的均衡序列中。3 种处理在一天的早餐和午餐中分别提供低（0 g/d）、中（75 g/d）或高（150 g/d）AS 量，2 种处理在早餐和午餐之间切换高和低摄入量。实验餐提供 60%的日常能量和添加糖目标。处理之间有 1-2 周的洗脱期。从 08:00（禁食）到 16:00 以 2 小时的间隔收集呼吸。使用腔室环形衰减光谱法测量呼吸 CIR，并使用多元线性回归评估饮食处理和基线的影响。
呼吸 CIR 在所有采样时间点均对 AS 摄入量的增加有显著反应（均 P < 0.0001），剂量反应为 0.030（95%CI：0.024，0.037）‰/g。空腹呼吸 CIR（基线）在所有采样时间点均影响进食后呼吸 CIR（均 P < 0.0001）；然而，在早晨，影响最大。对于下午采集的样本（14:00 和 16:00），近期 AS 摄入（午餐）的影响是之前添加糖摄入（早餐）的 4 倍。
这些发现支持呼吸 CIR 作为美国健康成年人短期 AS 摄入量生物标志物的潜力。需要进一步研究以评估其他潜在的饮食影响，以及是否可以通过多次呼吸采集来捕获每日 AS 摄入量。
