Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Int Rev Immunol. 2021;40(1-2):143-156. doi: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1871477. Epub 2021 Jan 13.
The pandemic causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has globally infected more than 50 million people and ∼1.2 million have succumbed to this deadly pathogen. With the vaccine trials still in clinical phases, mitigation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) relies primarily on robust virus detection methods and subsequent quarantine measures. Hence, the importance of rapid, affordable and reproducible virus testing will serve the need to identify and treat infected subjects in a timely manner. Based on the type of diagnostic assay, the primary targets are viral genome (RNA) and encoded proteins. Currently, COVID-19 detection is performed using various molecular platforms as well as serodiagnostics that exhibit approximately 71% sensitivity. These methods encounter several limitations including sensitivity, specificity, availability of skilled expertise and instrument access. Saliva-based COVID-19 diagnostics are emerging as a superior alternative to nasal swabs because of the ease of sample collection, no interaction during sampling, and high viral titers during early stages of infection. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 is detected in the environment as aerosols associated with suspended particulate matter. Designing virus detection strategies in diverse samples will allow timely monitoring of virus spread in humans and its persistence in the environment. With the passage of time, advanced technologies are overcoming limitations associated with detection. Enhanced sensitivity and specificity of next-generation diagnostics are key features enabling improved prognostic care. In this comprehensive review, we analyze currently adopted advanced technologies and their concurrent use in the development of diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
导致严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）的大流行已在全球感染了超过 5000 万人，并有约 120 万人死于这种致命病原体。由于疫苗试验仍处于临床阶段，因此减轻 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）主要依赖于强大的病毒检测方法和随后的隔离措施。因此，快速、经济实惠且可重复的病毒检测的重要性将满足及时识别和治疗感染患者的需求。根据诊断检测的类型，主要目标是病毒基因组（RNA）和编码蛋白。目前，COVID-19 的检测使用各种分子平台以及血清学诊断方法进行，其灵敏度约为 71%。这些方法存在许多局限性，包括灵敏度、特异性、熟练专业知识的可用性和仪器的可获得性。基于唾液的 COVID-19 诊断方法因其样本采集简便、采样过程中无需接触以及在感染早期具有较高的病毒滴度，正逐渐成为鼻腔拭子的替代方法。此外，SARS-CoV-2 作为与悬浮颗粒物相关的气溶胶在环境中被检测到。在不同的样本中设计病毒检测策略将有助于及时监测病毒在人类中的传播及其在环境中的持续存在。随着时间的推移，先进技术正在克服与检测相关的局限性。下一代诊断技术的增强灵敏度和特异性是提高预后护理的关键特征。在这篇全面的综述中，我们分析了目前采用的先进技术及其在 SARS-CoV-2 检测诊断开发中的同时使用。
