Fehlmann Gaelle, O'riain M Justin, FÜrtbauer Ines, King Andrew J
Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Bodensee, Germany.
Institute for Communities and Wildlife, Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Bioscience. 2020 Nov 11;71(1):40-54. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biaa129. eCollection 2021 Jan.
Humans have altered up to half of the world's land surface. Wildlife living within or close to these human-modified landscapes are presented with opportunities and risks associated with feeding on human-derived foods (e.g., agricultural crops and food waste). Understanding whether and how wildlife adapts to these landscapes is a major challenge, with thousands of studies published on the topic over the past 10 years. In the present article, we build on established theoretical frameworks to understand the behavioral causes of crop and urban foraging by wildlife. We then develop and extend this framework to describe the multifaceted ecological consequences of crop and urban foraging for the individuals and populations in which they arise, with emphasis on social species for which interactions with people are, on balance, negative (commonly referred to as raiding species). Finally, we discuss the management challenges faced by urban and rural land managers, businesses, and government organizations in mitigating human-wildlife conflicts and propose ways to improve the lives of both wildlife and humans living in human-modified landscapes and to promote coexistence.
人类已经改变了世界上多达一半的陆地表面。生活在这些人类改造景观之内或附近的野生动物面临着与食用人类来源食物（如农作物和食物垃圾）相关的机遇和风险。了解野生动物是否以及如何适应这些景观是一项重大挑战，在过去十年里，关于这个主题已经发表了数千项研究。在本文中，我们基于已有的理论框架来理解野生动物在农作物地和城市觅食的行为原因。然后，我们拓展并延伸这个框架，以描述农作物地和城市觅食对相关个体和种群产生的多方面生态后果，重点关注那些总体上与人类互动为负面的群居物种（通常被称为掠夺性物种）。最后，我们讨论城市和农村土地管理者、企业及政府组织在缓解人类与野生动物冲突时所面临的管理挑战，并提出改善生活在人类改造景观中的野生动物和人类的生活以及促进共存的方法。
