Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), PO Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), PO Box 25, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), PO Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
Toxicol In Vitro. 2021 Apr;72:105095. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105095. Epub 2021 Jan 14.
Concerns have been raised as to whether gunshot fumes induce prolonged reduced lung capacity or even cancer due to inhalation. Gunshot fumes from three different types of ammunition calibre 5.56 mm × 45 NATO were investigated. SS109 has a soft lead (Pb) core, while NM255 and NM229 have a harder steel core. Emissions from ammunitions were characterized with respect to particle number- and mass-size, and mass distribution, heavy metal content, and different gases. Lung epithelial cells were exposed to the fumes at the air liquid interface to elucidate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Irrespectively of ammunition type, the largest mass fraction of generated particulate matter (PM) had a size between 1 and 3 μm. The highest number of particles generated was in the size range of 30 nm. Fumes from NM255 and NM229 induced cytotoxic effects of which the emission from NM229 induced the highest effect. Fumes from NM229 induced a dose-related increase in DNA-damage. Significant effects were only achieved at the highest exposure level, which led to approximately 40% reduced cell viability after 24 h. The effect probably relates to the mass of emitted particles where the size may be of importance, in addition to emission of Cu and Zn. A complex mixture of chemical substances and PM may increase the toxicity of the fumes and should encourage measures to reduce exposure.
人们担心射击产生的烟雾会因吸入而导致肺活量长期减少，甚至引发癌症。研究了三种不同口径的 5.56 毫米 x 45 北约弹药的射击烟雾：SS109 采用软铅（Pb）芯，而 NM255 和 NM229 则采用更硬的钢芯。对弹药的排放物进行了颗粒数量和质量大小、质量分布、重金属含量和不同气体的特征描述。将肺上皮细胞暴露于烟雾的气液界面，以阐明细胞毒性和遗传毒性。无论弹药类型如何，产生的颗粒物质（PM）的最大质量分数大小在 1 到 3 微米之间。生成的颗粒数量最多的范围在 30 纳米。NM255 和 NM229 的烟雾会引起细胞毒性，其中 NM229 的烟雾诱导的毒性最强。NM229 的烟雾会引起与剂量相关的 DNA 损伤增加。仅在最高暴露水平下才会产生显著效果，这会导致 24 小时后细胞活力降低约 40%。这种效果可能与发射颗粒的质量有关，除了铜和锌的排放外，颗粒大小也可能很重要。化学物质和 PM 的复杂混合物可能会增加烟雾的毒性，并应鼓励采取措施减少暴露。
