Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India.
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box - 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
J Mol Neurosci. 2021 Nov;71(11):2192-2209. doi: 10.1007/s12031-020-01767-6. Epub 2021 Jan 19.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue of global significance that has taken the lives of many across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for its pathogenesis. The pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 have been well described in the literature. Initially, it was thought to be limited to the respiratory system; however, we now recognize that COVID-19 also affects several other organs, including the nervous system. Two similar human coronaviruses (CoV) that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) are also known to cause disease in the nervous system. The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are growing rapidly, as evidenced by several reports. There are several mechanisms responsible for such manifestations in the nervous system. For instance, post-infectious immune-mediated processes, direct virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and virus-induced hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states are commonly involved. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its variants, dysfunction of taste and smell, and muscle injury are numerous examples of COVID-19 PNS (peripheral nervous system) disease. Likewise, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, encephalopathy acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, endothelialitis, and venous sinus thrombosis are some instances of COVID-19 CNS disease. Due to multifactorial and complicated pathogenic mechanisms, COVID-19 poses a large-scale threat to the whole nervous system. A complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neurological impairments is still lacking, but our knowledge base is rapidly expanding. Therefore, we anticipate that this comprehensive review will provide valuable insights and facilitate the work of neuroscientists in unfolding different neurological dimensions of COVID-19 and other CoV associated abnormalities.
新型冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行是一个具有全球意义的问题，它夺走了世界各地许多人的生命。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）是其发病机制的罪魁祸首。COVID-19 的肺部表现已在文献中得到充分描述。最初，人们认为它仅限于呼吸系统；然而，我们现在认识到 COVID-19 还会影响包括神经系统在内的其他几个器官。两种类似的引起严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS-CoV-1）和中东呼吸综合征（MERS-CoV）的人类冠状病毒（CoV）也已知会引起神经系统疾病。SARS-CoV-2 感染的神经系统表现正在迅速增加，这有几个报道为证。有几种机制负责神经系统的这种表现。例如，感染后免疫介导的过程、中枢神经系统（CNS）的直接病毒感染以及病毒引起的高炎症和高凝状态通常都涉及其中。格林-巴利综合征（GBS）及其变体、味觉和嗅觉功能障碍以及肌肉损伤是 COVID-19 周围神经系统（PNS）疾病的众多例子。同样，出血性和缺血性中风、脑炎、脑膜炎、脑病急性播散性脑脊髓炎、血管内皮炎和静脉窦血栓形成是 COVID-19 中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病的一些例子。由于多因素和复杂的发病机制，COVID-19 对整个神经系统构成了巨大威胁。对 SARS-CoV-2 神经损伤的全面了解仍然不足，但我们的知识库正在迅速扩展。因此，我们预计这篇综合评论将提供有价值的见解，并有助于神经科学家揭示 COVID-19 和其他 CoV 相关异常的不同神经维度的工作。
