Ectopic Expression of Human Thymosin β4 Confers Resistance to Legionella pneumophila during Pulmonary and Systemic Infection in Mice.

Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering peptide that plays important roles in regeneration and remodeling of injured tissues. However, its function in a naturally occurring pathogenic bacterial infection model has remained elusive. We adopted Tβ4-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice to investigate the role of Tβ4 in acute pulmonary infection and systemic sepsis caused by Upon infection, Tβ4-Tg mice demonstrated significantly lower bacterial loads in the lung, less hyaline membranes and necrotic abscess, with lower interstitial infiltration of neutrophils, CD4, and CD8 T cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Tβ4-Tg mice possessed higher bactericidal activity against exogenously added , suggesting that constitutive expression of Tβ4 could efficiently control Furthermore, qPCR analysis of lung homogenates demonstrated significant reduction of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which primarily originate from lung macrophages, in Tβ4-Tg mice after pulmonary infection. Upon challenge of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) , secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α proteins was also reduced in Tβ4-Tg macrophages, without affecting their survival. The anti-inflammatory effects of BMDM in Tβ4-Tg mice on each cytokine were affected when triggering with tlr2, tlr4, tlr5, or tlr9 ligands, suggesting that anti-inflammatory effects of Tβ4 are likely mediated by the reduced activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR). Finally, Tβ4-Tg mice in a systemic sepsis model were protected from -induced lethality compared to wild-type controls. Therefore, Tβ4 confers effective resistance against via two pathways, a bactericidal and an anti-inflammatory pathway, which can be harnessed to treat acute pneumonia and septic conditions caused by in humans.