Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 18;18(2):776. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020776.
Although successful performance in basketball requires high levels of muscular strength during adolescence, its development is confounded by the effects of normal growth. We examine the timing, intensity and sequence of muscular strength according to biological age (years from peak height velocity (PHV)) and hypothesize that young basketball players attain their peak muscular strength spurts around PHV. A total of 160 adolescent male basketballers, aged 11-15 years, were followed bi-annually over 3 consecutive years. The years from attainment of PHV and peak weight velocity (PWV) were estimated and five muscular strength measures (sit-ups, handgrip, seated medicine ball throw, squat jump and countermovement jump) were aligned to years from PHV in 3-month intervals. Strength velocities were estimated using a non-smooth mathematical model. The mean ages at-PHV and at-PWV were 13.90 ± 1.40 years and 13.90 ± 1.79 years, respectively. Maximal velocity in sit-ups was attained 6 months prior to attainment of PHV (intensity = 10.69 repetitions·year), whereas maximal velocity in squat jump occurred 6 months after-PHV (intensity = 3.93 cm·year). Handgrip strength, seated medicine ball throw and countermovement jump maximal velocity peaked at-PHV (intensity = 8.47 kgf·year, intensity = 0.75 m·year, intensity = 5.59 cm·year, respectively). In general, maximal velocity spurts did not differ in their timing, with the velocities reaching a peak concurrent with PHV and PWV or within 6 months of its attainment. Basketball coaches, as well as strength and conditioning trainers, should consider individual differences in strength development and be aware of rapid periods of growth in stature when planning and designing muscular strength training regimes.
虽然在青春期篮球运动需要高水平的肌肉力量，但它的发展受到正常生长的影响。我们根据生物年龄（从峰值身高速度（PHV）的年数）检查肌肉力量的时机、强度和顺序，并假设年轻的篮球运动员在 PHV 时达到其最大肌肉力量峰值。共有 160 名 11-15 岁的青少年男性篮球运动员在连续 3 年内每两年接受一次随访。PHV 和峰值体重速度（PWV）的年份被估计出来，并且在 3 个月的间隔内将 5 项肌肉力量测量（仰卧起坐、握力、坐姿药球投掷、深蹲跳和反向跳跃）与 PHV 的年份对齐。强度速度使用非平滑数学模型进行估计。PHV 和 PWV 的平均年龄分别为 13.90 ± 1.40 岁和 13.90 ± 1.79 岁。仰卧起坐的最大速度在 PHV 前 6 个月达到（强度= 10.69 次·年），而深蹲跳的最大速度在 PHV 后 6 个月达到（强度= 3.93 cm·年）。握力、坐姿药球投掷和反向跳跃的最大速度在 PHV 时达到峰值（强度= 8.47 kgf·年、强度= 0.75 m·年、强度= 5.59 cm·年）。一般来说，最大速度峰值的时机没有差异，速度与 PHV 和 PWV 同时达到峰值，或者在达到 PHV 后 6 个月内达到峰值。篮球教练以及力量和体能训练师在计划和设计肌肉力量训练方案时，应该考虑力量发展的个体差异，并注意身高快速增长的时期。
