Analytical strategies for in-vivo evaluation of plant volatile emissions - A review.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are metabolites emitted by living plants that have a fundamental ecological role since they influence atmospheric chemistry, plant communication and pollinator/herbivore behaviour, and human activities. Over the years, several strategies have been developed to isolate and identify them, and to take advantage of their activity. The main techniques used for in-vivo analyses include dynamic headspace (D-HS), static headspace (S-HS) and, more recently, direct contact (DC) methods in association with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The aim of this review is to provide insight into the in-vivo characterisation of plant volatile emissions with a focus on sampling, analysis and possible applications. This review first provides a critical discussion of the challenges associated with conventional approaches and their limitations and advantages. Then, it describes a series of applications of in-vivo volatilomic studies to enhance how the information they provide impact on our knowledge of plant behaviour, including the effects of abiotic (damage, flooding, climate) and biotic (insect feeding) stress factors in relation to the plants.