Xiang Zhao-Yu, Zou Hai-Dong
Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Department of Preventive Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.
J Ophthalmol. 2020 Nov 4;2020:4395278. doi: 10.1155/2020/4395278. eCollection 2020.
Myopia, a pandemic refractive error, is affecting more and more people. The progression of myopia could cause numerously serious complications, even leading to blindness. This review summarizes the epidemiological studies on myopia after 2018 and analyzes the risk factors associated with myopia. The prevalence of myopia varies in different regions, age, and observation time. East Asia has been gripped by an unprecedented rise in myopia, and other parts of the world have also seen an increase. The prevalence of myopia in children continues to rise and aggravates with age. The prevalence of high myopia has also increased along with myopia. Racial dependence and family aggregation can be seen frequently in myopia patients. Increased outdoor activities are proven to be protective factors for myopia, as near-distance work and higher education levels affect in the opposite. The impact of gender or urbanization on myopia is controversial. The relationship between nutrition, digital screens, Kawasaki disease, pregnant women smoking during pregnancy, and myopia is still not clear for lack of sufficient evidence. Understanding the various factors that affect myopia helps to clarify the mechanism of myopia formation and also to formulate reasonable prevention and control measures of myopia to protect people's health, especially for adolescents.
近视,一种流行性屈光不正,正影响着越来越多的人。近视的进展可能会引发众多严重并发症,甚至导致失明。本综述总结了2018年以后关于近视的流行病学研究,并分析了与近视相关的风险因素。近视的患病率在不同地区、年龄和观察时间有所不同。东亚地区正遭受着前所未有的近视率上升,世界其他地区也出现了增长。儿童近视患病率持续上升,并随着年龄增长而加重。高度近视的患病率也随着近视率一同上升。近视患者中常可见种族依赖性和家族聚集性。事实证明,增加户外活动是预防近视的保护因素,而近距离工作和较高的教育水平则起到相反作用。性别或城市化对近视的影响存在争议。由于缺乏充分证据,营养、电子屏幕、川崎病、孕妇孕期吸烟与近视之间的关系仍不明确。了解影响近视的各种因素有助于阐明近视形成的机制,也有助于制定合理的近视防控措施以保护人们的健康,尤其是青少年的健康。