Foster P J, Jiang Y
1] Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK [2] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
Eye (Lond). 2014 Feb;28(2):202-8. doi: 10.1038/eye.2013.280. Epub 2014 Jan 10.
Myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision, such as retinal detachment, subretinal neovascularization, dense cataract, and glaucoma. In recent years, reports from population-based prevalence studies carried out in various geographical areas now give a clear picture of the current distribution of refractive error. The scarcity of data from well-designed longitudinal cohort studies is still yet to be addressed. These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions, and also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent, industrialised areas of East Asia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. The past decade has seen a greater understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms that determine refractive error, giving further support to the belief that myopia is the result of a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. This review summarizes data on the prevalence, incidence, progression, associations, risk factors, and impact from recent epidemiological studies on myopia.
近视是最常见的眼部疾病之一。高度近视与多种合并症相关，这些合并症会增加严重且不可逆视力丧失的风险，如视网膜脱离、视网膜下新生血管形成、致密性白内障和青光眼。近年来，在不同地理区域开展的基于人群的患病率研究报告，现已清晰呈现出当前屈光不正的分布情况。精心设计的纵向队列研究数据匮乏的问题仍有待解决。这些研究证实了先前的数据，表明屈光不正的患病率因种族和地理区域而异，同时也指出在过去半个世纪中近视患病率有所上升。这一问题在东亚富裕的工业化地区尤为突出。已确定与社会经济地位和生活方式相关的近视环境风险因素。在过去十年中，人们对决定屈光不正的分子生物学机制有了更深入的了解，这进一步支持了近视是遗传易感性与环境暴露之间复杂相互作用结果的观点。本综述总结了近期关于近视的流行病学研究中有关患病率、发病率、进展、关联、风险因素及影响的数据。
