Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, and The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, CA, USA.
Stanford University School of Medicine, and The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, CA, USA; Center for Civilians in Conflict, Washington DC, USA.
Lancet. 2021 Feb 6;397(10273):511-521. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00130-6. Epub 2021 Jan 24.
The nature of armed conflict throughout the world is intensely dynamic. Consequently, the protection of non-combatants and the provision of humanitarian services must continually adapt to this changing conflict environment. Complex political affiliations, the systematic use of explosive weapons and sexual violence, and the use of new communication technology, including social media, have created new challenges for humanitarian actors in negotiating access to affected populations and security for their own personnel. The nature of combatants has also evolved as armed, non-state actors might have varying motivations, use different forms of violence, and engage in a variety of criminal activities to generate requisite funds. New health threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and new capabilities, such as modern trauma care, have also created new challenges and opportunities for humanitarian health provision. In response, humanitarian policies and practices must develop negotiation and safety capabilities, informed by political and security realities on the ground, and guidance from affected communities. More fundamentally, humanitarian policies will need to confront a changing geopolitical environment, in which traditional humanitarian norms and protections might encounter wavering support in the years to come.
世界各地武装冲突的性质变化剧烈。因此，保护非战斗人员和提供人道主义服务必须不断适应这种变化的冲突环境。复杂的政治关系、爆炸武器的系统使用和性暴力，以及包括社交媒体在内的新通信技术的使用，给人道主义行动者在协商进入受影响人群以及保障其自身人员安全方面带来了新的挑战。由于武装非国家行为者的动机可能不同，使用不同形式的暴力，开展各种犯罪活动来筹集必要的资金，战斗人员的性质也发生了演变。新的健康威胁，如新冠肺炎疫情，以及现代创伤护理等新能力，也给人道主义卫生服务提供带来了新的挑战和机遇。为此，人道主义政策和实践必须发展谈判和安全能力，这需要以当地的政治和安全现实为依据，并参考受影响社区的意见。更根本的是，人道主义政策将需要应对不断变化的地缘政治环境，在未来几年中，传统的人道主义规范和保护可能会遇到动摇。
