Shotgun label-free proteomic and biochemical study of somatic embryos (cotyledonary and maturation stage) in (L.) G. Don.

Somatic embryogenesis is an important and wonderful biotechnological tool used to develop whole plant from a single or a group of somatic cells. The differentiated somatic cells become totipotent stem cells by drastic reprogramming of a wide range of cellular activities, leading to the acquisition of embryogenic competence. After acquiring competence, the cells pass through globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary stages of embryo; however, all advanced embryos do not convert into full plant, produce adventive embryos or callus instead, thus reverses the programming. This is a big limitation in propagation of many plants. Understanding and unraveling the proteins at this 'embryo to plantlet' transition stage will help to get more numbers of plants. Thus, our study was aimed at an identification of differentially abundant proteins between two important advanced stages, i.e. cotyledonary-(T1) and maturation stage (T2) of somatic embryos in . A total of 2949 and 3030 proteins were identified in cotyledonary and maturation stage, respectively. Of these, 1129 proteins were common to both. Several proteins were found to be differentially accumulated in two different embryo stages in which over 60 proteins were most accumulated during somatic embryo maturation time. More chlorophyll accumulation was noted at this time under the influence of gibberellic acid (GA). Proteins like Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase, chlorophyll a-b-binding protein, photosystem I iron-sulfur center, photosystem II Psb, photosystem II subunit P-1, P-II domain-containing protein, RuBisCO large chain, RuBisCO small chain, RuBisCO activase, RuBisCO large subunit-binding proteins were synthesized. Some of the identified proteins are linked to chlorophyll synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and stress. The identified proteins are categorized into different groups on the basis of their cellular location, role and other metabolic processes. Biochemical attributes like protein, sugar, proline, antioxidant enzyme (APX, SOD and CAT) activities were high in T2 as compared to T1. The proteins like peroxidases, pathogenesis-related proteins, the late-embryogenesis abundant proteins, argonaute, germin and others have been discussed in somatic embryo maturation process.