Mujib A, Bansal Yashika, Malik Moien Qadir, Syeed Rukaya, Mamgain Jyoti, Ejaz Bushra
Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2527:11-27. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_2.
Somatic or in vitro embryogenesis is a unique embryo producing process from vegetative cells observed in plants since 1958. Even over 60 years of research, the transition of somatic cells into embryonic fate is still not elucidated fully. Various networks and signaling elements have been noted to play important role in this "vegetative to reproductive" transition process. The networks include genotypes, explant types, the sugar/carbohydrate sources, cultural/environmental conditions like light quality and intensity, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, cell density, plant growth regulator (PGR) (auxin and cytokinin) signaling, PGR-gene interplay, stresses are important and cause new cellular reprogramming during embryonic acquisition. A wide array of genes, specific to zygotic embryogenesis, also express during somatic embryogenesis. A few embryogenesis-specific genes such as SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE, LEAFY COTYLEDON, AGAMOUS-LIKE 15, and BABY BOOM are crucial and have been discussed. The chapter focuses the importance of these gene products, e.g., proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors in regulating embryogenesis. Many of these encoded proteins act as potential somatic embryogenesis markers. Besides, important elements such as genotype, herbaceous/woody plants' response in culture in inducing embryos have been discussed. All these elements are connected and form network in complex fashion thus difficult to unfold fully; some of the current progress and developments have been presented in this chapter.
体细胞胚胎发生或离体胚胎发生是自1958年以来在植物中观察到的从营养细胞产生胚胎的独特过程。即使经过60多年的研究，体细胞向胚胎命运的转变仍未完全阐明。人们已经注意到各种网络和信号元件在这个“营养向生殖”的转变过程中发挥着重要作用。这些网络包括基因型、外植体类型、糖/碳水化合物来源、光质和强度、溶解氧（DO）水平、细胞密度等培养/环境条件、植物生长调节剂（PGR）（生长素和细胞分裂素）信号传导、PGR-基因相互作用，胁迫很重要，并在胚胎获得过程中导致新的细胞重编程。大量特定于合子胚胎发生的基因在体细胞胚胎发生过程中也会表达。一些胚胎发生特异性基因，如体细胞胚胎发生类受体激酶、叶状子叶、类AGAMOUS 15和婴儿潮，至关重要并已被讨论。本章重点讨论了这些基因产物，如蛋白质、酶和转录因子在调节胚胎发生中的重要性。许多这些编码蛋白可作为潜在的体细胞胚胎发生标记。此外，还讨论了基因型、草本/木本植物在培养中诱导胚胎的反应等重要因素。所有这些因素相互关联，以复杂的方式形成网络，因此难以完全展开；本章介绍了一些当前的进展和发展情况。
