Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 28;11(1):2527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81789-1.
Amazonian wildfires in 2019 have raised awareness about rainforest burning due to increased emissions of particulate matter and carbon. In the context of these emissions, by-products of lignin thermal degradation (i.e. methoxyphenols) are often neglected. Methoxyphenols entering the atmosphere may form intermediates with currently unknown reaction mechanisms and toxicity. This study for the first time provides a comprehensive insight into the impact of lignin degradation products [guaiacol, catechol], and their nitrated intermediates [4-nitrocatechol, 4,6-dinitroguaiacol, 5-nitroguaiacol] on zebrafish Danio rerio. Results revealed 4-nitrocatechol and catechol as the most toxic, followed by 4,6DNG > 5NG > GUA. The whole-organism bioassay integrated with molecular modeling emphasized the potential of methoxyphenols to inhibit tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, and carbonic anhydrase, consequently altering embryonic development (i.e. affected sensorial, skeletal, and physiological parameters, pigmentation formation failure, and non-hatching of larvae). The whole-organism bioassay integrated with in silico approach confirmed the harmful effects of lignin degradation products and their intermediates on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the need for their evaluation within ecotoxicity studies focused on aquatic compartments.
2019 年亚马逊雨林大火引起了人们对森林燃烧的关注，因为这会增加颗粒物和碳的排放。在这些排放物的背景下，木质素热降解的副产物（即甲氧基苯酚）通常被忽视。进入大气的甲氧基苯酚可能会与目前未知反应机制和毒性的中间体形成。本研究首次全面深入地研究了木质素降解产物[愈创木酚、儿茶酚]及其硝化中间体[4-硝基儿茶酚、4,6-二硝基愈创木酚、5-硝基愈创木酚]对斑马鱼 Danio rerio 的影响。结果表明，4-硝基儿茶酚和儿茶酚毒性最大，其次是 4,6-DNG>5NG>GUA。与分子建模相结合的整体生物测定强调了甲氧基苯酚抑制酪氨酸酶、脂加氧酶和碳酸酐酶的潜力，从而改变胚胎发育（即感觉、骨骼和生理参数受到影响、色素形成失败和幼虫不能孵化）。与计算方法相结合的整体生物测定证实了木质素降解产物及其中间体对水生生物的有害影响，强调需要在关注水生生物的生态毒性研究中对其进行评估。
