Lankester Lucie-Anna, Alexopoulos Theodore
Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale: Contextes et Régulation (EA 4471), Institute of Psychology, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 12;11:591523. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591523. eCollection 2020.
This theoretical paper examines the context-sensitivity of the impact of cultural norms on prejudice regulation. Granting the importance of understanding intergroup dynamics in cultural-ecological contexts, we focus on the peculiarities of the French diversity approach. Indeed, the major cultural norm, the Laïcité (i.e., French secularism) is declined today in two main variants: The Historic Laïcité, a longstanding egalitarian norm coexisting with its amended form: The New Laïcité, an assimilationist norm. In fact, these co-encapsulated Laïcité variants constitute a fruitful ground to cast light on the processes underlying prejudice regulation. Indeed, it is documented that the assimilationist New Laïcité is linked to higher levels of prejudice as compared to the egalitarian Historic Laïcité. To this day, research mainly explored interindividual determinants of Laïcité endorsements and specified how these endorsements shape prejudice. Crucially, this "indirect-endorsement path" does not account for the more straightforward causal relationship between Laïcité and prejudice. Moreover, recent experimental evidence suggests that the normative salience of both Laïcité norms shape intergroup attitudes beyond personal endorsement. Therefore, in this contribution, we complement previous work by investigating the possible socio-cognitive processes driving this "direct-contextual path." In doing so, we seek to bridge the gap of causality by investigating how the Laïcité norms can set the stage for specific regulatory strategies. Our reasoning derives from an application of the Justification-Suppression Model bolstered by classical work on mental control, modern racism and diversity ideology. From this, we sketch out the operative functioning of two distinct regulation processes: (a) one that prevents prejudicial attitudes but which can have unexpected consequences on stereotyping within the Historic Laïcité context (i.e., suppression) and (b) one that helps realize prejudice within the New Laïcité context (i.e., justification). From this analysis, we discuss the consequences for intergroup relations within and beyond the French context. In particular, we outline the importance of an adequate framing of egalitarian ideologies so that they achieve their goal to foster harmonious intergroup relations.
这篇理论性论文探讨了文化规范对偏见调节影响的情境敏感性。鉴于理解文化生态背景下群体间动态的重要性，我们聚焦于法国多元文化方法的独特之处。事实上，主要的文化规范，即法国世俗主义（Laïcité），如今呈现出两种主要变体：历史悠久的世俗主义（Historic Laïcité），一种长期存在的平等主义规范，以及其修正形式：新世俗主义（New Laïcité），一种同化主义规范。实际上，这些相互包含的世俗主义变体为揭示偏见调节背后的过程提供了丰富的素材。确实，有文献记载，与平等主义的历史悠久的世俗主义相比，同化主义的新世俗主义与更高水平的偏见相关联。时至今日，研究主要探索了世俗主义认同的个体间决定因素，并明确了这些认同如何塑造偏见。至关重要的是，这种“间接认同路径”并未考虑世俗主义与偏见之间更直接的因果关系。此外，最近的实验证据表明，两种世俗主义规范的规范显著性在个人认同之外也塑造着群体间态度。因此，在本论文中，我们通过研究驱动这种“直接情境路径”的可能的社会认知过程来补充先前的研究。在此过程中，我们试图通过研究世俗主义规范如何为特定的调节策略奠定基础来弥合因果关系的差距。我们的推理源于对正当化 - 抑制模型（Justification - Suppression Model）应用，并得到了关于心理控制、现代种族主义和多元文化意识形态的经典研究的支持。据此，我们勾勒出两种不同调节过程的运作方式：（a）一种防止偏见态度，但在历史悠久的世俗主义背景下可能对刻板印象产生意想不到的后果（即抑制），以及（b）一种在新世俗主义背景下助长偏见的过程（即正当化）。基于此分析，我们讨论了法国国内及国外群体间关系的后果。特别是，我们概述了平等主义意识形态进行适当框架构建的重要性，以便它们实现促进和谐群体间关系的目标。
