Etcoff Nancy, Stock Shannon, Krumhuber Eva G, Reed Lawrence Ian
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 12;11:612654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612654. eCollection 2020.
Smiles that vary in muscular configuration also vary in how they are perceived. Previous research suggests that "Duchenne smiles," indicated by the combined actions of the orbicularis oculi (cheek raiser) and the zygomaticus major muscles (lip corner puller), signal enjoyment. This research has compared perceptions of Duchenne smiles with non-Duchenne smiles among individuals voluntarily innervating or inhibiting the orbicularis oculi muscle. Here we used a novel set of highly controlled stimuli: photographs of patients taken before and after receiving botulinum toxin treatment for crow's feet lines that selectively paralyzed the lateral orbicularis oculi muscle and removed visible lateral eye wrinkles, to test perception of smiles. Smiles in which the orbicularis muscle was active (prior to treatment) were rated as more felt, spontaneous, intense, and happier. Post treatment patients looked younger, although not more attractive. We discuss the potential implications of these findings within the context of emotion science and clinical research on botulinum toxin.
肌肉形态不同的微笑在被感知的方式上也有所不同。先前的研究表明，由眼轮匝肌（提颊肌）和颧大肌（拉嘴角肌）共同作用所表现出的“杜兴氏微笑”传达出愉悦之情。这项研究比较了在自主控制眼轮匝肌收缩或舒张的个体中，杜兴氏微笑与非杜兴氏微笑的感知差异。在此，我们使用了一组全新的、高度可控的刺激材料：肉毒杆菌毒素治疗鱼尾纹前后患者的照片，该治疗选择性地麻痹了外侧眼轮匝肌并消除了可见的外侧眼周皱纹，以此来测试微笑的感知情况。眼轮匝肌活跃时（治疗前）的微笑被评为更具感染力、更自然、更强烈且更愉悦。治疗后患者看起来更年轻，尽管吸引力并未增加。我们将在情感科学和肉毒杆菌毒素临床研究的背景下讨论这些发现的潜在意义。
