Visiting Researcher in ENEA Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, ENEA, Research Center of Saluggia, Strada per Crescentino, 13040, Saluggia, VC, Italy.
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(12):14233-14252. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-12081-4. Epub 2021 Jan 30.
Lake eutrophication and water quality deterioration have become a major environmental problem in urban areas and fertilized basins in developing countries across the world. This paper reviews the characterization, driving factors, and impacts of lake eutrophication as well as the mechanism of preventing and recovering lake eutrophication with case studies of eutrophic lakes across the world including Lake Tana, Ethiopia. In most waterbodies including lakes and reservoirs, total phosphorus concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, and Secchi disk visibility in association with species composition are the common criteria to classify lakes and reservoir as oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic. Nutrient-rich runoff from cultivated land and industrialized and urbanized cities concentrated in phosphorus are the critical factors that drove eutrophication in water bodies. Among others, controlling external loading of nutrient, ecological, and mechanical methods were found to be common mechanisms to prevent and recover lake eutrophication. Avoiding the factors that are under human control, i.e., a reduction of external loading of nutrients especially targeted on phosphorus reduction into the water basins, relocates sewage, industrial and domestic waste discharges to be lined out of the catchment of the lake. Furthermore, motivating the community to use less phosphorus-containing fertilizers and promoting phosphorus-free detergents are suggested solutions to sustainably prevent and reduce eutrophication in the long run. These could be some possible measures to safeguard endangered Lake Tana of Ethiopia.
湖泊富营养化和水质恶化已成为世界范围内发展中国家城市地区和施肥盆地的主要环境问题。本文综述了湖泊富营养化的特征、驱动因素和影响，以及预防和恢复湖泊富营养化的机制，并结合包括埃塞俄比亚塔纳湖在内的世界范围内富营养化湖泊的案例研究进行了讨论。在大多数水体（包括湖泊和水库）中，总磷浓度、叶绿素 a 浓度和与物种组成相关的塞奇圆盘能见度是将湖泊和水库分类为贫营养、中营养和富营养的常见标准。来自耕地和工业化及城市化城市的富含营养的径流集中在磷上，是导致水体富营养化的关键因素。除此之外，控制外部营养负荷、生态和机械方法被发现是预防和恢复湖泊富营养化的常见机制。避免人为控制的因素，即减少营养物质特别是磷的外部负荷进入水体流域，可以将污水、工业和生活废物排放重新安置在湖泊流域之外。此外，鼓励社区减少使用含磷肥料和推广无磷洗涤剂，是从长远来看可持续地预防和减少富营养化的建议解决方案。这些可能是保护埃塞俄比亚塔纳湖的一些可行措施。
