Corsini Michela, Schöll Eva Maria, Di Lecce Irene, Chatelain Marion, Dubiec Anna, Szulkin Marta
Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland.
Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria.
Evol Appl. 2020 Sep 17;14(1):69-84. doi: 10.1111/eva.13081. eCollection 2021 Jan.
Rapid environmental change driven by urbanization offers a unique insight into the adaptive potential of urban-dwelling organisms. Urban-driven phenotypic differentiation is increasingly often demonstrated, but the impact of urbanization (here modelled as the percentage of impervious surface (ISA) around each nestbox) on offspring developmental rates and subsequent survival remains poorly understood. Furthermore, the role of selection on urban-driven phenotypic divergence was rarely investigated to date.
Data on nestling development and body mass were analysed in a gradient of urbanization set in Warsaw, Poland, in two passerine species: great tits () and blue tits (). Increasing levels of impervious surface area (ISA) delayed the age of fastest growth in blue tits. Nestling body mass was also negatively affected by increasing ISA 5 and 10 days after hatching in great tits, and 10 and 15 days in blue tits, respectively. High levels of ISA also increased nestling mortality 5 and 10 days after hatching in both species. An analysis of selection differentials performed for two levels of urbanization (low and high ISA) revealed a positive association between mass at day 2 and survival at fledging.
This study confirms the considerable negative impact of imperviousness-a proxy for urbanization level-on offspring development, body mass and survival, and highlights increased selection on avian mass at hatching in a high ISA environment.
城市化驱动的快速环境变化为洞察城市栖息生物的适应潜力提供了独特视角。城市驱动的表型分化日益得到证实，但城市化（此处以每个巢箱周围不透水表面（ISA）的百分比来模拟）对后代发育速度及后续存活的影响仍知之甚少。此外，迄今为止，选择在城市驱动的表型分化中的作用很少被研究。
在波兰华沙设置的城市化梯度中，对两种雀形目鸟类：大山雀（）和蓝山雀（）的雏鸟发育和体重数据进行了分析。不透水表面积（ISA）的增加延迟了蓝山雀最快生长的年龄。在大山雀孵化后5天和10天，以及蓝山雀孵化后10天和15天，雏鸟体重也分别受到ISA增加的负面影响。高ISA水平在两种鸟类孵化后5天和10天也增加了雏鸟死亡率。对两个城市化水平（低ISA和高ISA）进行的选择差异分析显示，第2天的体重与出飞时的存活率呈正相关。
本研究证实了不透水性（城市化水平的一个指标）对后代发育、体重和存活具有相当大的负面影响，并强调了在高ISA环境中对鸟类孵化时体重的选择增加。
