Anthropology Program, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA.
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2021 Apr;174(4):631-645. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24244. Epub 2021 Feb 2.
Many individuals living in medieval and post-medieval London suffered issues with sanitation, food insecurity, infectious disease, and widespread exposure to parasites from a multitude of sources, causing increased risk of death for many inhabitants. We examine this stressful environment and its relationship with various demographic and temporal dimensions, using cribra orbitalia (CO) as an indicator of stress, to model an increased risk of dying under the expectations of our proposed parasitic model of infection.
We analyze the relationship between CO and mortality across seven medieval and post-medieval cemeteries from London by the covariates of sex, status, and age-at-death. A survival analysis (Cox regression) and a binomial logit estimated hazard and odds ratios of dying with CO across age-at-death, sex, status, and time-period within single statistical models. In addition, we provide new Bayesian age-at-death estimates for post-medieval samples.
The models show the rate of CO decreased over time and age-at-death, regardless of sex or status; post-medieval individuals were ~72% less likely to die with lesions than their medieval counterparts. Further, individuals with CO had ~1% decrease in risk of dying with CO per year of age.
These results suggest increased mortality risk for those with lesions indicative of anemia (CO), and selective mortality of younger individuals during the medieval period. Despite sex-specific nutritional and occupational hazards, and status-based access to resources, the prevalence of CO was similar across sex and status, which suggests living with parasitic infection that caused anemia was an everyday reality for medieval and post-medieval Londoners.
许多生活在中世纪和后中世纪伦敦的人都存在卫生、食品安全、传染病以及广泛暴露于多种来源寄生虫等问题，这导致许多居民的死亡风险增加。我们研究了这种充满压力的环境及其与各种人口统计学和时间维度的关系，使用眼眶骨（CO）作为压力的指标，以我们提出的感染寄生虫模型的期望来模拟死亡风险的增加。
我们通过性别、地位和死亡时的年龄等协变量，分析了来自伦敦的七个中世纪和后中世纪墓地的 CO 与死亡率之间的关系。生存分析（Cox 回归）和二项逻辑回归估计了在单一统计模型中，CO 与年龄、性别、地位和时间范围内的死亡率之间的风险比和优势比。此外，我们还为后中世纪样本提供了新的贝叶斯年龄估计值。
无论性别或地位如何，模型显示 CO 的发生率随着时间和年龄的增长而降低；与中世纪相比，后中世纪个体患有病变的死亡率降低了约 72%。此外，患有 CO 的个体每年因 CO 而死亡的风险降低约 1%。
这些结果表明，患有贫血（CO）指示病变的个体的死亡率增加，并且在中世纪期间，年轻个体的选择性死亡率增加。尽管存在性别特异性的营养和职业危害以及基于地位的资源获取，但 CO 的患病率在性别和地位方面相似，这表明生活在导致贫血的寄生虫感染是中世纪和后中世纪伦敦人的日常生活现实。
