Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Apr;18(4):239-251. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-00401-5. Epub 2021 Feb 2.
Many molecular, physiological and behavioural processes display distinct 24-hour rhythms that are directed by the circadian system. The master clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus region of the hypothalamus, is synchronized or entrained by the light-dark cycle and, in turn, synchronizes clocks present in peripheral tissues and organs. Other environmental cues, most importantly feeding time, also synchronize peripheral clocks. In this way, the circadian system can prepare the body for predictable environmental changes such as the availability of nutrients during the normal feeding period. This Review summarizes existing knowledge about the diurnal regulation of gastrointestinal processes by circadian clocks present in the digestive tract and its accessory organs. The circadian control of gastrointestinal digestion, motility, hormones and barrier function as well as of the gut microbiota are discussed. An overview is given of the interplay between different circadian clocks in the digestive system that regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid and bile acid metabolism. Additionally, the bidirectional interaction between the master clock and peripheral clocks in the digestive system, encompassing different entraining factors, is described. Finally, the possible behavioural adjustments or pharmacological strategies for the prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of chronodisruption are outlined.
许多分子、生理和行为过程都表现出明显的 24 小时节律，这些节律由生物钟系统调控。主时钟位于下丘脑的视交叉上核区域，通过光-暗周期进行同步或调整，进而使外周组织和器官中的时钟同步。其他环境线索，最重要的是进食时间，也会使外周时钟同步。通过这种方式，生物钟系统可以为身体做好准备，以应对可预测的环境变化，例如在正常进食期间获得营养物质。 本综述总结了目前关于肠道和附属器官中存在的生物钟对胃肠道过程的昼夜调节的相关知识。讨论了生物钟对胃肠道消化、蠕动、激素和屏障功能以及肠道微生物群的控制。概述了消化系统中不同生物钟之间的相互作用，这些生物钟调节葡萄糖稳态以及脂质和胆汁酸代谢。此外，还描述了主时钟和消化系统中外周时钟之间的双向相互作用，包括不同的授时因子。最后，概述了可能的行为调整或药理学策略，以预防和治疗生物钟紊乱的不良影响。
