Winkler Christoph K, Schrittwieser Joerg H, Kroutil Wolfgang
Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
ACS Cent Sci. 2021 Jan 27;7(1):55-71. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01496. Epub 2021 Jan 14.
Biocatalysis, using defined enzymes for organic transformations, has become a common tool in organic synthesis, which is also frequently applied in industry. The generally high activity and outstanding stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity observed in many biotransformations are the result of a precise control of the reaction in the active site of the biocatalyst. This control is achieved by exact positioning of the reagents relative to each other in a fine-tuned 3D environment, by specific activating interactions between reagents and the protein, and by subtle movements of the catalyst. Enzyme engineering enables one to adapt the catalyst to the desired reaction and process. A well-filled biocatalytic toolbox is ready to be used for various reactions. Providing nonnatural reagents and conditions and evolving biocatalysts enables one to play with the myriad of options for creating novel transformations and thereby opening new, short pathways to desired target molecules. Combining several biocatalysts in one pot to perform several reactions concurrently increases the efficiency of biocatalysis even further.
生物催化，即使用特定的酶进行有机转化，已成为有机合成中的常用工具，在工业中也经常应用。许多生物转化中普遍观察到的高活性以及出色的立体、区域和化学选择性，是生物催化剂活性位点中反应精确控制的结果。这种控制是通过在微调的三维环境中试剂彼此的精确定位、试剂与蛋白质之间的特定活化相互作用以及催化剂的细微移动来实现的。酶工程使人们能够使催化剂适应所需的反应和过程。一个装备精良的生物催化工具箱已准备好用于各种反应。提供非天然试剂和条件以及改进生物催化剂，使人们能够利用众多选项来创造新的转化方式，从而开辟通往所需目标分子的新的短路径。将几种生物催化剂在一个反应釜中组合以同时进行多个反应，进一步提高了生物催化的效率。
