Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain.
PLoS One. 2021 Feb 4;16(2):e0245976. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245976. eCollection 2021.
The assessment of human spatial short-term memory has mainly been performed using visual stimuli and less frequently using auditory stimuli. This paper presents a framework for the development of SLAM-based Augmented Reality applications for the assessment of spatial memory. An AR mobile application was developed for this type of assessment involving visual and tactile stimuli by using our framework. The task to be carried out with the AR application is divided into two phases: 1) a learning phase, in which participants physically walk around a room and have to remember the location of simple geometrical shapes; and 2) an evaluation phase, in which the participants are asked to recall the location of the shapes. A study for comparing the performance outcomes using visual and tactile stimuli was carried out. Fifty-three participants performed the task using the two conditions (Tactile vs Visual), but with more than two months of difference (within-subject design). The number of shapes placed correctly was similar for both conditions. However, the group that used the tactile stimulus spent significantly more time completing the task and required significantly more attempts. The performance outcomes were independent of gender. Some significant correlations among variables related to the performance outcomes and other tests were found. The following significant correlations among variables related to the performance outcomes using visual stimuli and the participants' subjective variables were also found: 1) the greater the number of correctly placed shapes, the greater the perceived competence; 2) the more attempts required, the less the perceived competence. We also found that perceived enjoyment was higher when a higher sense of presence was induced. Our results suggest that tactile stimuli are valid stimuli to exploit for the assessment of the ability to memorize spatial-tactile associations, but that the ability to memorize spatial-visual associations is dominant. Our results also show that gender does not affect these types of memory tasks.
人类空间短期记忆的评估主要使用视觉刺激，较少使用听觉刺激。本文提出了一种基于 SLAM 的增强现实应用框架，用于评估空间记忆。为此，我们使用这个框架开发了一种用于评估空间记忆的基于 AR 的移动应用程序，它涉及视觉和触觉刺激。AR 应用程序要执行的任务分为两个阶段：1）学习阶段，参与者在房间中实际走动并记住简单几何形状的位置；2）评估阶段，参与者被要求回忆形状的位置。进行了一项使用视觉和触觉刺激来比较绩效结果的研究。53 名参与者在两种条件（触觉与视觉）下完成了任务，但相差超过两个月（被试内设计）。两种条件下正确放置的形状数量相似。然而，使用触觉刺激的组完成任务所需的时间明显更长，尝试次数也明显更多。绩效结果与性别无关。在与绩效结果相关的变量和其他测试之间发现了一些显著的相关性。还发现，在使用视觉刺激的绩效结果相关变量与参与者的主观变量之间存在以下显著相关性：1）正确放置的形状越多，感知能力越强；2）需要更多的尝试，感知能力越差。我们还发现，当感知到更高的存在感时，感知到的享受度更高。我们的结果表明，触觉刺激是评估记忆空间-触觉联想能力的有效刺激，但记忆空间-视觉联想的能力占主导地位。我们的结果还表明，性别不会影响这些类型的记忆任务。
