Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK.
MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Viruses. 2021 Feb 2;13(2):233. doi: 10.3390/v13020233.
With an estimated three to five million human cases annually and the potential to infect domestic and wild animal populations, influenza viruses are one of the greatest health and economic burdens to our society, and pose an ongoing threat of large-scale pandemics. Despite our knowledge of many important aspects of influenza virus biology, there is still much to learn about how influenza viruses replicate in infected cells, for instance, how they use entry receptors or exploit host cell trafficking pathways. These gaps in our knowledge are due, in part, to the difficulty of directly observing viruses in living cells. In recent years, advances in light microscopy, including super-resolution microscopy and single-molecule imaging, have enabled many viral replication steps to be visualised dynamically in living cells. In particular, the ability to track single virions and their components, in real time, now allows specific pathways to be interrogated, providing new insights to various aspects of the virus-host cell interaction. In this review, we discuss how state-of-the-art imaging technologies, notably quantitative live-cell and super-resolution microscopy, are providing new nanoscale and molecular insights into influenza virus replication and revealing new opportunities for developing antiviral strategies.
据估计，每年有 300 万至 500 万人感染流感，流感病毒对我们的社会造成了巨大的健康和经济负担，并且一直存在引发大规模大流行的威胁。尽管我们对流感病毒生物学的许多重要方面有了一定的了解，但仍有许多方面需要了解流感病毒如何在感染细胞中复制，例如它们如何使用进入受体或利用宿主细胞运输途径。我们知识上的这些差距部分归因于直接在活细胞中观察病毒的难度。近年来，包括超分辨率显微镜和单分子成像在内的显微镜技术的进步，使许多病毒复制步骤能够在活细胞中动态可视化。特别是，实时追踪单个病毒及其成分的能力，现在可以对特定途径进行检测，为病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的各个方面提供新的见解。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了最先进的成像技术，特别是定量活细胞和超分辨率显微镜，如何为流感病毒的复制提供新的纳米级和分子水平的见解，并为开发抗病毒策略提供了新的机会。
