Cell, Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
Nutrition. 2021 May;85:111070. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111070. Epub 2020 Nov 19.
Dietary intake of long-chain, highly unsaturated ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) is considered indispensable for humans. The ω-3 FAs have been known to be anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory dietary factors; however, the modes of action on pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream signaling pathways have not been fully elucidated. Dietary sources contain various amounts of ω-3 long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) of different lengths and the association between intake of these polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with underlying mechanisms of various immune-related disorders can be of great interest. The potential anti-inflammatory role for ω-3 LCFAs can be explained by modification of lipid rafts, modulation of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that play an important role in the recognition of bacterial infections and ω-3 FAs have been implicated in the modulation of downstream signaling of TLR-4, an important receptor for recognition of gram-negative bacteria. The ω-3 FAs docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid have been investigated in vivo and in vitro for their effects on the nuclear factor-κB activation pathway. Identification of the effects of ω-3 FAs on other key molecular factors like prostaglandins and leukotrienes and their signals may help the recognition and development of medicines to suppress the main mediators and turn on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear receptors.
饮食中摄入长链、高度不饱和的ω-3 脂肪酸（FAs）被认为对人类是必不可少的。ω-3 FAs 具有抗炎和免疫调节作用的饮食因素；然而，其作用模式在病原体识别受体（PRRs）和下游信号通路尚未完全阐明。饮食来源含有不同量的不同长度的ω-3 长链脂肪酸（LCFAs），这些多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）的摄入与各种免疫相关疾病的潜在机制之间的关联可能非常重要。ω-3 LCFAs 的潜在抗炎作用可以通过脂质筏的修饰、细胞因子和 PRRs 等炎症介质的调节来解释。Toll 样受体（TLRs）是一组 PRRs，在识别细菌感染方面发挥着重要作用，ω-3 FAs 被认为参与了 TLR-4 下游信号的调节，TLR-4 是识别革兰氏阴性菌的重要受体。已经在体内和体外研究了ω-3 FAs 对核因子-κB 激活途径的影响。确定 ω-3 FAs 对其他关键分子因素（如前列腺素和白三烯及其信号）的影响可能有助于识别和开发抑制主要介质并开启抗炎细胞因子和核受体表达的药物。
