Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
Hum Reprod. 2021 Apr 20;36(5):1395-1404. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deab001.
To what extent is exposure to cellular telephones associated with male fertility?
Overall, we found little association between carrying a cell phone in the front pants pocket and male fertility, although among leaner men (BMI <25 kg/m2), carrying a cell phone in the front pants pocket was associated with lower fecundability.
Some studies have indicated that cell phone use is associated with poor semen quality, but the results are conflicting.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Two prospective preconception cohort studies were conducted with men in Denmark (n = 751) and in North America (n = 2349), enrolled and followed via the internet from 2012 to 2020.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: On the baseline questionnaire, males reported their hours/day of carrying a cell phone in different body locations. We ascertained time to pregnancy via bi-monthly follow-up questionnaires completed by the female partner for up to 12 months or until reported conception. We used proportional probabilities regression models to estimate fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between male cell phone habits and fecundability, focusing on front pants pocket exposure, within each cohort separately and pooling across the cohorts using a fixed-effect meta-analysis. In a subset of participants, we examined selected semen parameters (semen volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility) using a home-based semen testing kit.
There was little overall association between carrying a cell phone in a front pants pocket and fecundability: the FR for any front pants pocket exposure versus none was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.0.83-1.05). We observed an inverse association between any front pants pocket exposure and fecundability among men whose BMI was <25 kg/m2 (FR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.88) but little association among men whose BMI was ≥25 kg/m2 (FR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.90-1.22). There were few consistent associations between cell phone exposure and semen volume, sperm concentration, or sperm motility.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Exposure to radiofrequency radiation from cell phones is subject to considerable non-differential misclassification, which would tend to attenuate the estimates for dichotomous comparisons and extreme exposure categories (e.g. exposure 8 vs. 0 h/day). Residual confounding by occupation or other unknown or poorly measured factors may also have affected the results.
Overall, there was little association between carrying one's phone in the front pants pocket and fecundability. There was a moderate inverse association between front pants pocket cell phone exposure and fecundability among men with BMI <25 kg/m2, but not among men with BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Although several previous studies have indicated associations between cell phone exposure and lower sperm motility, we found few consistent associations with any semen quality parameters.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, grant number R03HD090315. In the last 3 years, PRESTO has received in-kind donations from Sandstone Diagnostics (for semen kits), Swiss Precision Diagnostics (home pregnancy tests), Kindara.com (fertility app), and FertilityFriend.com (fertility app). Dr. L.A.W. is a fibroid consultant for AbbVie, Inc. Dr. H.T.S. reports that the Department of Clinical Epidemiology is involved in studies with funding from various companies as research grants to and administered by Aarhus University. None of these studies are related to the current study. Dr. M.L.E. is an advisor to Sandstone Diagnostics, Ro, Dadi, Hannah, and Underdog. Dr. G.J.S. holds ownership in Sandstone Diagnostics Inc., developers of the Trak Male Fertility Testing System. In addition, Dr. G.J.S. has a patent pending related to Trak Male Fertility Testing System issued.
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手机暴露与男性生育力之间有多大程度的关联？
总体而言，我们发现将手机放在前裤兜与男性生育力之间的关联很小，尽管在较瘦的男性（BMI<25kg/m2）中，将手机放在前裤兜与较低的生育力有关。
一些研究表明，手机使用与精液质量差有关，但结果存在矛盾。
研究设计、大小、持续时间：在丹麦（n=751）和北美（n=2349）进行了两项前瞻性受孕前队列研究，通过互联网招募并随访了 2012 年至 2020 年的男性。
参与者/材料、地点、方法：在基线问卷中，男性报告了他们每天在不同身体部位携带手机的时间。我们通过女性伴侣每两个月完成的跟踪问卷来确定怀孕时间，直至报告怀孕或完成 12 个月的随访。我们使用比例概率回归模型来估计男性手机习惯与生育力之间的生育力比值（FR）和 95%置信区间（CI），重点关注每个队列中的前裤兜暴露情况，并通过固定效应荟萃分析汇总两个队列的数据。在一部分参与者中，我们使用家庭精液检测试剂盒检查了一些精液参数（精液量、精子浓度和精子活力）。
将手机放在前裤兜与生育力之间的关联很小：任何前裤兜暴露与无暴露的 FR 为 0.94（95%CI：0.83-1.05）。我们观察到，在 BMI<25kg/m2 的男性中，任何前裤兜暴露与生育力之间存在反比关系（FR=0.72，95%CI：0.59-0.88），而在 BMI≥25kg/m2 的男性中，这种关联很小（FR=1.05，95%CI：0.90-1.22）。手机暴露与精液量、精子浓度或精子活力之间几乎没有一致的关联。
局限性、谨慎的原因：手机射频辐射的暴露受到相当大的非差异分类错误的影响，这会削弱对二项比较和极端暴露类别的估计（例如暴露 8 与 0 小时/天）。职业或其他未知或测量不良的因素的残余混杂也可能影响结果。
总体而言，将手机放在前裤兜与生育力之间的关联很小。在 BMI<25kg/m2 的男性中，前裤兜手机暴露与生育力之间存在中度反比关系，但在 BMI≥25kg/m2 的男性中则没有。尽管之前的几项研究表明手机暴露与较低的精子活力之间存在关联，但我们发现与任何精液质量参数之间几乎没有一致的关联。
研究资金/利益冲突：该研究由美国国立卫生研究院资助，编号为 R03HD090315。在过去 3 年中，Presto 收到了沙斯通诊断公司（用于精液试剂盒）、瑞士精密诊断公司（家庭妊娠试验）、Kindara.com（生育应用程序）和 FertilityFriend.com（生育应用程序）的实物捐赠。L.A.W.博士是 AbbVie，Inc.的纤维瘤顾问。H.T.S.博士报告说，临床流行病学系参与了各种公司资助的研究，这些研究是作为研究赠款并由奥胡斯大学管理的。这些研究与目前的研究都没有关系。M.L.E.博士是沙斯通诊断公司、Ro、Dadi、Hannah 和 Underdog 的顾问。G.J.S.博士拥有正在开发 Trak 男性生育力检测系统的沙斯通诊断公司的所有权。此外，G.J.S.博士还拥有与 Trak 男性生育力检测系统相关的已授权专利。
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