Chen Rui, Wang Qi, Lv Jungang, Wang Zongshuang, Gao Tao
Department of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2021 Sep;43(9):3485-3503. doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-00842-0. Epub 2021 Feb 10.
A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by wastewater irrigation and metallurgy industry were analyzed. Rice is the major cash crop and staple food of Chinese residents. Cabbage is also a common food in Chinese daily life. Pollution levels and spatial distribution of soil, rice, and cabbage samples were illustrated on the map. In individual or multiple areas, the multivariate correlation of heavy metal's (cadmium and lead) bio-accumulation in two kinds of plants (rice seed and cabbage) and soil properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter) was also investigated. Spearman correlation analysis showed that soil pH values and organic matter (OM) had significant effects on the uptake of Cd and Pb in rice seed: the correlation between lg Cd BCF and pH values is -0.148* (p = 0.026), and the correlation between lg Pb BCF and pH values is -0.339** (p = 0.000). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH significantly impact the Cd and Pb uptake in cabbage: the correlation between lg Cd EF and pH values is -0.199* (p = 0.040), and the correlation between lg Pb EF and pH values is -0.203** (p = 0.009). The Cd and Pb bio-concentration factor BCFs of rice and cabbage decreased with the increase of pH, CEC, and OM, except that Pb BCFs increased with the increase of OM in certain areas. The BCF of Cd varied positively from Pb in cabbage, but inversely with Pb in rice significantly at the 0.01 level (two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis). For the first time, the health quotient (HQ) of Cd and Pb in different regions was also calculated and illustrated on the map. In the soil samples of different areas, average HQ values of Cd and Pb in maturity varied from 0.0003-0.0023 to 0.0051-0.0460; average HQ values of immaturity were 0.0011-0.0103 and 0.0222-0.2014. In the rice samples of different areas, average HQ values of Cd and Pb in maturity varied from 0.305-1.360 to 0.027-0.321; average HQ values of immaturity were 0.601-2.678 and 0.053-0.633. Average HQ values orders of magnitude in the cabbage samples of different areas are the same as that of rice samples, and it is 2-4 orders higher than those in soil. Average HQ values of Cd and Pb in maturity varied from 0.152-1.354 to 0.006-0.506; average HQ values of immaturity were 0.510-4.192 and 0.022-0.207. The total HQ values ingested by children were all higher than those in adults. After investigation, it was found that the total HQ value of mature plants was also higher than that of immature plants. The results of this study would be of great help to future soil remediation with similar types.
共采集了中国11个省份的475个代表性耕地和435个作物样本，分析了6个受废水灌溉和冶金工业污染地区的铅和镉。水稻是中国居民的主要经济作物和主食。白菜也是中国人日常生活中的常见食物。在地图上展示了土壤、水稻和白菜样本的污染水平及空间分布。在个别或多个区域，还研究了两种植物（水稻种子和白菜）中重金属（镉和铅）生物累积与土壤性质（pH值、阳离子交换容量和有机质）的多元相关性。Spearman相关性分析表明，土壤pH值和有机质（OM）对水稻种子中镉和铅的吸收有显著影响：lg镉生物浓缩系数（BCF）与pH值的相关性为-0.148*（p = 0.026），lg铅BCF与pH值的相关性为-0.339**（p = 0.000）。阳离子交换容量（CEC）和pH值对白菜中镉和铅的吸收有显著影响：lg镉富集系数（EF）与pH值的相关性为-0.199*（p = 0.040），lg铅EF与pH值的相关性为-0.203**（p = 0.009）。水稻和白菜的镉和铅生物浓缩系数BCF随着pH值、CEC和OM的增加而降低，不过在某些区域铅BCF随着OM的增加而增加。白菜中镉的BCF与铅呈正相关变化，但在0.01水平（双尾Spearman相关性分析）下，与水稻中的铅呈显著负相关。首次计算了不同区域镉和铅的健康商数（HQ）并在地图上展示。在不同区域的土壤样本中，成熟时镉和铅的平均HQ值在0.0003 - 0.0023至0.0051 - 0.0460之间；未成熟时的平均HQ值为0.0011 - 0.0103和0.0222 - 0.2014。在不同区域的水稻样本中，成熟时镉和铅的平均HQ值在0.305 - 1.360至0.027 - 0.321之间；未成熟时的平均HQ值为0.601 - 2.678和0.053 - 0.633。不同区域白菜样本的平均HQ值数量级与水稻样本相同，且比土壤中的高2 - 4个数量级。成熟时镉和铅的平均HQ值在0.152 - 1.354至0.006 - 0.506之间；未成熟时的平均HQ值为0.510 - 4.192和0.022 - 0.207。儿童摄入的总HQ值均高于成人。经调查发现，成熟植物的总HQ值也高于未成熟植物。本研究结果将对未来类似类型的土壤修复有很大帮助。
