Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.
Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2021 Mar 2;55(5):3201-3209. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05143. Epub 2021 Feb 10.
A large concern with estimates of climate and health co-benefits of "clean" cookstoves from controlled emissions testing is whether results represent what actually happens in real homes during normal use. A growing body of evidence indicates that in-field emissions during daily cooking activities differ substantially from values obtained in laboratories, with correspondingly different estimates of co-benefits. We report PM emission factors from uncontrolled cooking ( = 7) and minimally controlled cooking tests ( = 51) using traditional chulha and angithi stoves in village kitchens in Haryana, India. Minimally controlled cooking tests ( = 13) in a village kitchen with mixed dung and brushwood fuels were representative of uncontrolled field tests for fine particulate matter (PM), organic and elemental carbon ( > 0.5), but were substantially higher than previously published water boiling tests using dung or wood. When the fraction of nonrenewable biomass harvesting, elemental, and organic particulate emissions and modeled estimates of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are included in 100 year global warming commitments (GWC), the chulha had a net cooling impact using mixed fuels typical of the region. Correlation between PM emission factors and GWC ( = 0.99) implies these stoves are climate neutral for primary PM emissions of 8.8 ± 0.7 and 9.8 ± 0.9 g PM/kg dry fuel for GWC and GWC, respectively, which is close to the mean for biomass stoves in global emission inventories.
人们非常关注通过受控排放测试估算“清洁”炉灶的气候和健康协同效益，因为人们担心这些估算结果是否能反映实际家庭在正常使用时的情况。越来越多的证据表明，在日常烹饪活动中，现场排放与实验室获得的值有很大差异，相应地对协同效益的估算也不同。我们报告了在印度哈里亚纳邦的村庄厨房中，使用传统的 chulha 和 angithi 炉灶进行未受控制的烹饪（ = 7）和最小控制的烹饪测试（ = 51）的 PM 排放因子。在使用混合粪肥和柴草燃料的村庄厨房中进行的最小控制的烹饪测试（ = 13）对于细颗粒物（PM）、有机和元素碳（> 0.5）的未受控制的现场测试具有代表性，但明显高于以前使用粪肥或木材进行的水煮沸测试。当包括不可再生生物质收获、元素和有机颗粒排放的分数以及二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的模型估算值在内时，100 年全球变暖承诺（GWC）中，chulha 使用该地区典型的混合燃料具有净冷却影响。PM 排放因子与 GWC 的相关性（ = 0.99）表明，这些炉灶对于初级 PM 排放的 8.8 ± 0.7 和 9.8 ± 0.9 g PM/kg 干燃料的 GWC 和 GWC 分别具有气候中性，这接近全球排放清单中生物质炉灶的平均值。
