Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 4;53(11):6570-6579. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00009. Epub 2019 May 13.
Nearly all households in Rwanda burn solid fuels for cooking. A private firm in Rwanda is distributing forced-draft pellet-fed semigasifier cookstoves and fuel pellets. We measured in-use emissions of pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) in 91 uncontrolled cooking tests (UCTs) of both pellet and baseline (wood; charcoal) stoves. We observed >90% reductions in most pollutant emission factors/rates from pellet stoves compared to baseline stoves. Pellet stoves performed far better than gasifier stoves burning unprocessed wood, and consistent with ISO tiers 4 and 5 for PM and CO, respectively. Pellet stoves were generally clean, but performance varied; emissions from the dirtiest pellet tests matched those from the cleanest traditional stove tests. Our real-time data suggest that events occurring during ignition and the end of testing (e.g., refueling, char burnout) drive high emissions during pellet tests. We use our data to estimate potential health and climate cobenefits from stove adoption. This analysis suggests that pellet stoves have the potential to provide health benefits far above previously tested biomass stoves and approaching modern fuel stoves (e.g., LPG). Net climate impacts of pellet stoves range from similar to LPG to negligible, depending on biomass source and upstream emissions.
卢旺达几乎所有家庭都用固体燃料做饭。卢旺达的一家私营公司正在分发强制通风颗粒饲料半气化炉灶和燃料颗粒。我们在 91 项不受控制的烹饪测试（UCT）中测量了污染物的排放，包括细颗粒物（PM）、有机和元素碳（OC、EC）、黑碳（BC）和一氧化碳（CO），这些测试分别使用了颗粒和基线（木材；木炭）炉灶。与基线炉灶相比，我们观察到颗粒炉灶的大多数污染物排放因子/率降低了 90%以上。颗粒炉灶的性能远远优于燃烧未加工木材的气化炉，分别符合 PM 和 CO 的 ISO 4 级和 5 级标准。颗粒炉灶通常很干净，但性能有所不同；最脏的颗粒测试排放与最干净的传统炉灶测试排放相当。我们的实时数据表明，点火和测试结束期间发生的事件（例如，加油、炭燃烧）导致颗粒测试期间排放高。我们利用我们的数据来估计炉灶采用带来的潜在健康和气候协同效益。这项分析表明，颗粒炉灶有可能提供远远超过以前测试的生物质炉灶的健康益处，并接近现代燃料炉灶（例如，液化石油气）。颗粒炉灶的净气候影响取决于生物质源和上游排放，从与液化石油气相似到可忽略不计不等。
