Bjørseth Benjamin, Simensen Josefine Oudmayer, Bjørnethun Aina, Griffiths Mark D, Erevik Eilin K, Leino Tony, Pallesen Ståle
Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 25;11:601800. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601800. eCollection 2020.
Pop-up messages utilized by gambling operators are normally presented to gamblers during gambling sessions in order to prevent excessive gambling and/or to help in the appraisal of maladaptive gambling cognitions. However, the effect of such messages on gambling behavior and gambling cognitions has not previously been synthesized quantitatively. Consequently, a meta-analysis estimating the efficacy of pop-up messages on gambling behavior and cognitions was conducted. A systematic literature search with no time constraints was performed on Web of Science, PsychInfo, Medline, PsychNET, and the Cochrane Library. Search terms included "gambling," "pop-up," "reminder," "warning message," and "dynamic message." Studies based on randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs and pre-post studies reporting both pre- and post-pop-up data were included. Two authors independently extracted data using pre-defined fields including quality assessment. A total of 18 studies were included and data were synthesized using a random effects model estimating Hedges' . The effects of pop-ups were = 0.413 for cognitive measures (95% CI = 0.115-0.707) and = 0.505 for behavioral measures (95% CI = 0.256-0.746). For both outcomes there was significant between-study heterogeneity which could not be explained by setting (laboratory vs. naturalistic) or sample (gambler vs. non-gamblers). It is concluded that pop-up messages provide moderate effects on gambling behavior and cognitions in the short-term and that such messages play an important role in the gambling operators' portfolio of responsible gambling tools.
赌博运营商使用的弹出式消息通常在赌博过程中呈现给赌徒，以防止过度赌博和/或帮助评估适应不良的赌博认知。然而，此前尚未对这类消息对赌博行为和赌博认知的影响进行定量综合分析。因此，进行了一项荟萃分析，以评估弹出式消息对赌博行为和认知的有效性。在Web of Science、PsychInfo、Medline、PsychNET和Cochrane图书馆上进行了无时间限制的系统文献检索。检索词包括“赌博”“弹出式”“提醒”“警告消息”和“动态消息”。纳入基于随机对照试验、准实验设计以及报告弹出消息前后数据的前后研究的文献。两位作者使用包括质量评估在内的预定义字段独立提取数据。共纳入18项研究，并使用估计Hedges' 的随机效应模型对数据进行综合分析。弹出式消息对认知指标的效应为 = 0.413（95%置信区间 = 0.115 - 0.707），对行为指标的效应为 = 0.505（95%置信区间 = 0.256 - 0.746）。对于这两个结果，研究间均存在显著异质性，无法通过设置（实验室与自然环境）或样本（赌徒与非赌徒）来解释。研究得出结论，弹出式消息在短期内对赌博行为和认知有中等程度的影响，并且这类消息在赌博运营商的负责任赌博工具组合中发挥着重要作用。
