Shanmugam Muthu K, Garg Manoj, Makhija Pooja, Kumar Alan P, Sharifi-Rad Javad, Zam Wissam, Bishayee Anupam
Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida - 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2021;14(5):806-822. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210126112413.
Medicinal plants and herbal preparations in the form of traditional medicines have been used in healthcare worldwide. The extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. seeds and leaves contain a complex mixture of numerous components, such as flavonol glycosides, terpene lactones, and a group of alkylphenols (anacardic or ginkgolic acids, cardanols and cardols) that have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine. These extracts are also sold as dietary supplements worldwide. G. biloba extract (EGb 761 and LI 1370) represent the standard form of G. biloba extract. Six different 6-alkylsalicylic acids (syn. ginkgolic acids) with alkyl substituents (C13:0, C15:0, C15:1, C17:0, C17:1, and C17:2) have been identified.
The aim of this review is to unravel scientific evidence on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of ginkgolic acids to understand its therapeutic potential against inflammatory and oncologic diseases.
A structured literature search was independently performed by the authors on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Accordingly, this review article critically analyses available scientific evidence on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of ginkgolic acids. Moreover, the review only included articles written in the English language.
Several forms of ginkgolic acids, especially C13:0, C15:0 and C17:1, isolated from the leaves of G. biloba exhibited cytotoxic activity against a variety of human cancers by suppressing various pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and oncogenic transcription factors through multiple modes of action in various in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. Ginkgolic acids have also been reported to be potent post-translational small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO)ylation inhibitors.
In this review, we present updated information on the anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of ginkgolic acids both in vitro and in vivo. Although ginkgolic acids show significant therapeutic potential in inflammatory and oncologic diseases, more investigations regarding the safety and efficacy of these natural agents are warranted before the clinical transition.
作为传统药物形式的药用植物和草药制剂在全球医疗保健中都有应用。银杏种子和叶子的提取物含有多种成分的复杂混合物，如黄酮醇苷、萜类内酯，以及一组烷基酚（漆树酸或银杏酸、腰果酚和腰果醇），这些成分一直是中药的一部分。这些提取物在全球也作为膳食补充剂出售。银杏提取物（EGb 761和LI 1370）代表银杏提取物的标准形式。已鉴定出六种具有烷基取代基（C13:0、C15:0、C15:1、C17:0、C17:1和C17:2）的不同6-烷基水杨酸（同义词：银杏酸）。
本综述的目的是揭示银杏酸抗炎和抗癌活性的科学证据，以了解其对炎症性和肿瘤性疾病的治疗潜力。
作者在PubMed、ScienceDirect、Scopus和Web of Science上独立进行了结构化文献检索。因此，本综述文章批判性地分析了关于银杏酸抗炎和抗癌活性的现有科学证据。此外，该综述仅纳入用英语撰写的文章。
从银杏叶中分离出的几种形式的银杏酸，特别是C13:0、C15:0和C17:1，在各种体外和体内临床前模型中通过多种作用方式抑制各种促炎信号级联和致癌转录因子，对多种人类癌症表现出细胞毒性活性。银杏酸也被报道为有效的翻译后小泛素相关修饰（SUMO）ylation抑制剂。
在本综述中，我们提供了关于银杏酸体外和体内抗炎和抗癌特性的最新信息。尽管银杏酸在炎症性和肿瘤性疾病中显示出显著的治疗潜力，但在临床转化之前，有必要对这些天然药物的安全性和有效性进行更多研究。
