Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
J Affect Disord. 2021 Apr 1;284:18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
Although preliminary research has evidenced negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population, little research has been carried out examining the interplay among the broader dimensions and correlates of individual distress. Via network analysis, the current study investigated the pathways that underlie some components of psychological distress and their changes over time (during and post COVID-19-related lockdown).
1,129 adult participants (79.1% women) completed a two-wave online survey during and after the lockdown, and reported on variables such as depression, anxiety, stress, fear of COVID, intolerance of uncertainty, emotion regulation and social support. The networks were estimated via Gaussian Graphical Models and their temporal changes were compared through the centrality measures.
Depression, stress, anxiety and fear of COVID formed a spatially contiguous pattern, which remained unchanged in both the two waves. After the lockdown, the fear of COVID node reduced its strength in the network, whereas inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty and emotion suppression were associated with depression. Emotion regulation was connected to depression, but not to stress and anxiety during both waves. Perceived emotional support had few connections to the other nodes.
Only 32.7% of participants provided complete responses for both waves.
The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant psychosocial impact on adults. In the context of the network approach, depressive symptoms had the highest strength and their associations to other dimensions of individual distress may be key factors in understanding the influence of exposure to the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health.
尽管初步研究表明，COVID-19 大流行给普通人群带来了负面的心理后果，但很少有研究探讨个体痛苦的更广泛维度和相关性之间的相互作用。通过网络分析，本研究探讨了一些心理困扰成分背后的途径及其随时间（在 COVID-19 相关封锁期间和之后）的变化。
1129 名成年参与者（79.1%为女性）在封锁期间和之后完成了两次在线调查，并报告了抑郁、焦虑、压力、对 COVID 的恐惧、不确定性容忍度、情绪调节和社会支持等变量。通过高斯图形模型估计网络，并通过中心性度量比较其时间变化。
抑郁、压力、焦虑和对 COVID 的恐惧形成了空间上连续的模式，在两个波次中都没有变化。封锁后，恐惧 COVID 的节点在网络中的强度降低，而抑制性不确定性容忍度和情绪抑制与抑郁有关。情绪调节与抑郁有关，但在两个波次中与压力和焦虑无关。感知到的情感支持与其他节点的联系较少。
只有 32.7%的参与者在两个波次都提供了完整的回复。
COVID-19 爆发对成年人产生了重大的社会心理影响。在网络方法的背景下，抑郁症状具有最高的强度，它们与个体痛苦的其他维度的关联可能是理解接触 COVID-19 爆发对心理健康影响的关键因素。
