Light Signaling Regulates Aspergillus niger Biofilm Formation by Affecting Melanin and Extracellular Polysaccharide Biosynthesis.

Light is an important signal source in nature, which regulates the physiological cycle, morphogenetic pathways, and secondary metabolites of fungi. As an external pressure on , light signaling transmits stress signals into the cell via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Studying the effect of light on the biofilm of will provide a theoretical basis for light in the cultivation of filamentous fungi and industrial applications. Here, the characterization of biofilm under different light intensities confirmed the effects of light signaling. Our results indicated that intensely accumulated protective mycelial melanin under light illumination. We also discovered that the transcription factor in the MAPK signaling pathway is activated by light signaling to promote the synthesis of melanin, chitin, and other exopolysaccharides. However, the importance of melanin to biofilm is rarely reported; therefore, we knocked out key genes of the melanin biosynthetic pathway- and Changes in hydrophobicity and electrostatic forces resulted in the decrease of biofilm caused by the decrease of melanin in mutants. As an important industrial filamentous fungus, can perceive light. The link between light signaling and biofilm is worthy of further study since reports are lacking in this area. This study found that light signaling promotes biofilm production in , wherein melanin plays an important role. It was further discovered that the transcription factor in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was mediated by light signaling to promote the synthesis of melanin and extracellular polysaccharides. These findings set the stage for light signal regulation of biofilm in filamentous fungi and provide a theoretical basis for the development of a new light-controlled biofilm method to improve biofilm-based industrial fermentation.