Ejeda-Manzanera José Manuel, Rodrigo-Vega Maximiliano
Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales. Facultad de Educación. Universidad Complutense. Madrid. España.
Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2021 Feb 17;95:e202102028.
In our country, in recent years, the western diet model has been imposed to the detriment of the pattern of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (AMD), this distance being more evident among young university students. The objectives of this work were to describe the dietary habits of university students (future teachers) and nutritional quality factors (ON) to compliance with the degrees of ADM. Establish possible improvements in their training.
Cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 490 universitaries students aged 21 to 23 years. Dietary intake was estimated by a continuous 7 days dietary record, previously validated. To determine the AMD degrees was realized by the questionnaires Kidmed. For the statistical analysis, comparisons were performed using contrast of proportions (Z test) with Bonferroni correction and, one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests.
The students, regardless of the degree of ADM, presented a hipocaloric diet (average of 1,735.9 kcal/day); only a 5% showed a balanced caloric profile or a 10.4% a balanced lipid profile. They had a low daily iron intake (11.4 mg), fiber (15.6 g) and calcium (800.4 mg). However, students with ADM-high levels (were 25.7%) had significantly (p<0.05) better fat quality rates, as well as in intake values of iron, fiber, calcium and foods such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish and skimmed dairy; also significantly low intake of industrial pastries, sugary drinks and snacks. Also, better caloric distribution at dinner and breakfast.
Students generally presented a desirable departure in ADM and ON. But, some desirable nutritional traits have been found to occur significantly among ADM-high students. They would set the guidelines for improving the training and preparation of the studied future educators.
近年来在我国，西方饮食模式的影响使得坚持地中海饮食模式（AMD）受到损害，这种差异在年轻大学生中更为明显。本研究的目的是描述大学生（未来教师）的饮食习惯以及营养质量因素（ON）与AMD程度的符合情况。确定在他们的培训中可能的改进之处。
对490名年龄在21至23岁的大学生样本进行横断面研究。通过连续7天的饮食记录来估计饮食摄入量，该记录先前已得到验证。使用Kidmed问卷来确定AMD程度。对于统计分析，采用比例对比（Z检验）并进行Bonferroni校正，以及单向方差分析和Mann-Whitney U检验。
无论AMD程度如何，学生们的饮食热量均较低（平均每天1735.9千卡）；只有5%的学生热量摄入平衡，或10.4%的学生脂质摄入平衡。他们每日铁摄入量低（11.4毫克）、纤维摄入量低（15.6克）和钙摄入量低（800.4毫克）。然而，AMD水平高的学生（占25.7%）在脂肪质量率方面显著更好（p<0.05），铁、纤维、钙的摄入量以及水果、蔬菜、全谷物、鱼类和脱脂乳制品等食物的摄入量也显著更高；工业糕点、含糖饮料和零食的摄入量也显著更低。晚餐和早餐的热量分布也更好。
学生们总体上在AMD和ON方面表现出良好的差异。但是，在AMD水平高的学生中发现了一些明显理想的营养特征。这些特征可为改进所研究的未来教育工作者的培训和准备工作提供指导方针。
