"I am not a good enough caregiver, and it is my fault": The complex self-concept of Vietnamese female caregivers in dementia care.

In Vietnam, the majority of dementia caregivers are women. They play multiple social roles, confronting role conflicts, and caregiving burdens with insufficient social supports. Dementia caregiving alters their self-concepts, or who and how good they think they are. This secondary analysis study aims to explore self-concepts of Vietnamese female caregivers of people with dementia. In total, data of 21 face-to-face, semi-structured interviews, including six follow-up interviews, conducted with 13 Vietnamese female caregivers of people with dementia, were drawn from a larger study for analysis following the thematic coding procedure. Results showed that the self-concepts of female caregivers in dementia care were complex, contextualized, and manifested in different aspects. First, the guided self and the performed self emerged from the data as the key themes consistently shared by female caregivers. Their guided self was the self that their social norms and cultural traditions told them about who they should be, while their performed self was the self they demonstrated to the outside world. The mismatch between these two types of self (self-discrepancy) caused distress among caregivers. Second, caregivers' self-concept was the combination of the three key types of the self: the moral self (a filial daughter or a responsible wife); the feminine self (a patient and graceful women); and the worthy self (a devoted and helpful caregiver). Understanding Vietnamese female caregivers' self-concepts, self-discrepancy, and its impacts on their well-being can be used to inform the development of interventions and social services for this underserved group.