Origins and chromosome differentiation of revealed by and genes and ND-FISH.

is an important gene pool for wheat genetic improvement. However, the origins of the genomes and the nature of the genus' intraspecific relationships are still controversial. In this study, we used single-copy nuclear genes and non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) to characterize genome constitution and chromosome differentiation in . According to phylogenetic analyses based on and genes, there was an E genome with three versions (E, E, E) and St genomes in the polyploid The ND-FISH results of pSc119.2 and pAs1 revealed that the karyotypes of diploid and were different, and the chromosome differentiation occurred among accessions of the diploid In addition, the tetraploid has two groups of ND-FISH karyotype, indicating that the tetraploid might be a segmental allotetraploid. In summary, our results suggested that the diploid , , and were the donors of the E, E, and St genomes to the polyploid , respectively.