Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
Plant Physiol. 2021 Apr 23;185(4):1523-1541. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab032.
Membrane voltage arises from the transport of ions through ion-translocating ATPases, ion-coupled transport of solutes, and ion channels, and is an integral part of the bioenergetic "currency" of the membrane. The dynamics of membrane voltage-so-called action, systemic, and variation potentials-have also led to a recognition of their contributions to signal transduction, both within cells and across tissues. Here, we review the origins of our understanding of membrane voltage and its place as a central element in regulating transport and signal transmission. We stress the importance of understanding voltage as a common intermediate that acts both as a driving force for transport-an electrical "substrate"-and as a product of charge flux across the membrane, thereby interconnecting all charge-carrying transport across the membrane. The voltage interconnection is vital to signaling via second messengers that rely on ion flux, including cytosolic free Ca2+, H+, and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species generated by integral membrane, respiratory burst oxidases. These characteristics inform on the ways in which long-distance voltage signals and voltage oscillations give rise to unique gene expression patterns and influence physiological, developmental, and adaptive responses such as systemic acquired resistance to pathogens and to insect herbivory.
膜电压源于离子通过离子转运 ATP 酶、溶质的离子偶联转运和离子通道的转运，是膜的生物能量“货币”的一个组成部分。膜电压的动力学——所谓的动作、系统和变化电位——也导致了它们对信号转导的贡献的认识，无论是在细胞内还是在组织间。在这里，我们回顾了我们对膜电压的理解的起源及其作为调节运输和信号传输的核心要素的地位。我们强调理解电压作为一种共同的中间物的重要性，它既作为运输的驱动力——一种电“基质”——又作为跨膜电荷通量的产物，从而将跨膜的所有带电运输相互连接。电压的相互连接对于依赖离子通量的第二信使信号转导至关重要，包括细胞质游离 Ca2+、H+和整合膜呼吸爆发氧化酶产生的活性氧的合成。这些特性说明了长距离电压信号和电压振荡如何产生独特的基因表达模式，并影响生理、发育和适应性反应，如对病原体和昆虫食草的系统获得性抗性。
