Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 35706, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Plant Physiol. 2021 Apr 2;185(3):694-706. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa098.
Plants possess a systemic signaling system whereby local stimuli can lead to rapid, plant-wide responses. In addition to the redistribution of chemical messengers that range from RNAs and peptides to hormones and metabolites, a communication system acting through the transmission of electrical, Ca2+, reactive oxygen species and potentially even hydraulic signals has also been discovered. This latter system can propagate signals across many cells each second and researchers are now beginning to uncover the molecular machineries behind this rapid communications network. Thus, elements such as the reactive oxygen species producing NAPDH oxidases and ion channels of the two pore channel, glutamate receptor-like and cyclic nucleotide gated families are all required for the rapid propagation of these signals. Upon arrival at their distant targets, these changes trigger responses ranging from the production of hormones, to changes in the levels of primary metabolites and shifts in patterns of gene expression. These systemic responses occur within seconds to minutes of perception of the initial, local signal, allowing for the rapid deployment of plant-wide responses. For example, an insect starting to chew on just a single leaf triggers preemptive antiherbivore defenses throughout the plant well before it has a chance to move on to the next leaf on its menu.
植物具有系统信号系统，局部刺激可以导致快速的、全植物范围的反应。除了化学信使的再分配，这些化学信使的范围从 RNA 和肽到激素和代谢物，还发现了一个通过电、Ca2+、活性氧和潜在的甚至水力信号传输的通讯系统。这个后一个系统可以在每秒钟跨越许多细胞传播信号，研究人员现在开始揭示这个快速通讯网络背后的分子机制。因此，产生 NADPH 氧化酶和双孔通道、谷氨酸受体样和环核苷酸门控家族离子通道等活性氧的元素都需要这些信号的快速传播。这些变化到达它们遥远的靶标后，会引发从激素产生到初级代谢物水平变化和基因表达模式转变等各种反应。这些系统反应在最初局部信号感知后的几秒钟到几分钟内发生，从而允许快速部署全植物范围的反应。例如，一只开始咀嚼一片叶子的昆虫会在它有机会移动到菜单上的下一片叶子之前，提前在整个植物中触发抗草食动物防御。
