Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2021 Feb;129(2):27007. doi: 10.1289/EHP7729. Epub 2021 Feb 22.
There is a significant gap in our understanding of the sources of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in community settings where human-animal interfaces exist.
This study characterized the relationship of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR-EC) isolated from animal feces in the environment and child feces based on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS).
We examined 3GCR-EC isolated from environmental fecal samples of domestic animals and child fecal samples in Ecuador. We analyzed phenotypic and genotypic AMR, as well as clonal relationships (CRs) based on pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis of 3GCR-EC core genomes. CRs were defined as isolates with fewer than 100 different SNPs.
A total of 264 3GCR-EC isolates from children (), dogs (), and chickens () living in the same region of Quito, Ecuador, were identified. We detected 16 CRs total, which were found between 7 children and 5 domestic animals (5 CRs) and between 19 domestic animals (11 CRs). We observed that several clonally related 3GCR-EC isolates had acquired different plasmids and AMR genes. Most CRs were observed in different homes () at relatively large distances. Isolates from children and domestic animals shared the same allelic variants, and the most prevalent were and , which were found in isolates from children, dogs, and chickens.
This study provides evidence of highly dynamic horizontal transfer of AMR genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the community and shows that some 3GCR-EC and (extended-spectrum ) ESBL genes may have moved relatively large distances among domestic animals and children in semirural communities near Quito, Ecuador. Child-animal contact and the presence of domestic animal feces in the environment potentially serve as important sources of drug-resistant bacteria and ESBL genes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7729.
在存在人与动物接触的社区环境中，我们对多药耐药菌和耐药基因的来源了解甚少。
本研究通过表型抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）和全基因组测序（WGS），对从环境中的动物粪便和儿童粪便中分离出的第三代头孢菌素耐药（3GCR-EC）进行特征描述。
我们检测了来自厄瓜多尔的家养动物环境粪便样本和儿童粪便样本中分离出的 3GCR-EC。我们分析了 3GCR-EC 的表型和基因型 AMR，以及基于 3GCR-EC 核心基因组的成对单核苷酸多态性（SNP）分析的克隆关系（CR）。CR 定义为具有少于 100 个不同 SNP 的分离株。
总共从厄瓜多尔基多同一地区生活的儿童（）、狗（）和鸡（）中鉴定出 264 株 3GCR-EC。我们共发现 16 个 CR，其中 7 个儿童和 5 个家养动物（5 个 CR）之间以及 19 个家养动物（11 个 CR）之间存在。我们观察到，一些具有克隆相关性的 3GCR-EC 分离株获得了不同的质粒和 AMR 基因。大多数 CR 是在不同家庭（）中相对较大的距离处观察到的。儿童和家养动物的分离株具有相同的等位基因变体，最常见的是和，这在儿童、狗和鸡的分离株中都有发现。
本研究提供了社区中 AMR 基因和移动遗传元件（MGE）高度动态的水平转移证据，并表明一些 3GCR-EC 和（超广谱）ESBL 基因可能在厄瓜多尔基多附近半农村社区的家养动物和儿童之间移动了相对较大的距离。儿童与动物接触以及家养动物粪便存在于环境中，可能是耐药菌和 ESBL 基因的重要来源。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7729.
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