Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Ecotoxicology. 2021 Apr;30(3):514-523. doi: 10.1007/s10646-021-02361-1. Epub 2021 Feb 23.
Wild-type Hyalella azteca are highly sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides and typically do not survive exposure; however, pyrethroid bioaccumulation by insecticide-resistant H. azteca is an important potential risk factor for the transfer of pyrethroids to higher trophic species in aquatic systems. In the current study, four populations of pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca with corresponding sediment samples were sampled throughout the year, and nine-current use pyrethroids (tefluthrin, fenpropathrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate and deltamethrin) were measured. Bifenthrin was detected in every pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca tissue sample, up to 813 ng/g lipid, while cyhalothrin and permethrin were detected in fewer (18 and 28%, respectively) samples. Concurrent sampling of the sediment showed total pyrethroid concentrations exceeding toxic unit thresholds for non-resistant H. azteca survival, and confirmed the ubiquitous presence of bifenthrin at each site and sampling event. Bifenthrin concentrations in H. azteca tended to be higher in samples collected in winter months, and seasonal factors, such as temperature and rainfall, may have contributed to the noted differences in bioaccumulation. Finally, the bifenthrin and permethrin biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) for pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca were similar to the BSAF values for less sensitive invertebrates, and therefore the development of resistance may enable an additional pathway for trophic transfer of pyrethroids in species that would otherwise be too sensitive to survive the exposure.
野生型亚致死斑螯对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高度敏感，通常无法在暴露后存活；然而，具有抗药性的亚致死斑螯对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的生物积累是水生系统中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂向更高营养级物种转移的一个重要潜在风险因素。在当前的研究中，全年采集了四个具有抗药性的亚致死斑螯种群及其相应的沉积物样本，并测量了九种目前使用的拟除虫菊酯（四氟甲醚菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯）。在每一个具有抗药性的亚致死斑螯组织样本中都检测到了高效氯氟氰菊酯，其浓度高达 813ng/g 脂质，而氯氟氰菊酯和氯菊酯在较少的样本中（分别为 18%和 28%）被检测到。同时对沉积物的采样显示，总拟除虫菊酯浓度超过了非抗药性亚致死斑螯存活的毒性单位阈值，并证实了高效氯氟氰菊酯在每个地点和采样事件中的普遍存在。在冬季采集的样本中，亚致死斑螯体内的高效氯氟氰菊酯浓度较高，季节性因素，如温度和降雨量，可能导致了生物积累的显著差异。最后，具有抗药性的亚致死斑螯体内的高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯菊酯生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）与较不敏感的无脊椎动物的 BSAF 值相似，因此，抗药性的发展可能为在暴露后无法存活的物种中增加了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的营养级转移途径。
