Center of Excellence (CoE), Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India.
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India.
Mass Spectrom Rev. 2022 Sep;41(5):766-803. doi: 10.1002/mas.21689. Epub 2021 Feb 24.
There has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish-toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes "QuEChERS" extraction or solid-phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC-MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development.
人们越来越关注生物毒素的有害影响、来源以及确定特定类型毒素的问题。由于有大量关于其广泛传播的报道，生物毒素对确定其母体群、代谢物和浓度构成了重大挑战。在这方面，基于液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）的分析为其准确鉴定和定量铺平了道路。生物毒素理想地分为植物毒素、真菌毒素、贝类毒素、雪卡毒素、蓝藻毒素和细菌毒素，如河豚毒素。考虑到生物毒素的多样性，低分辨率质谱（LRMS）和高分辨率质谱（HRMS）方法都已被用于它们的检测。对于复杂基质的样品制备策略，通常包括 QuEChERS 提取或固相萃取，再加上均化和离心。对于生物毒素的靶向分析，通常采用串联质谱仪在多重反应监测模式下运行的 LRMS 进行广泛实施。借助参考标准，大多数毒素都可以准确地定量。同时，在没有参考标准的情况下，HRMS 平台可以通过嫌疑筛选和非目标筛选方法来实现。在采样装置的使用、新型样品制备策略的合成、毒素标准的使用、混合 MS 平台的使用以及相关数据解释方面也取得了重大进展。本综述试图阐明基于 LC-MS 的分析在生物毒素测定方面的进展，同时指出主要挑战和未来发展建议。
