Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Aquiculture Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Universidad Católica de Temuco, P.O. Box 15-D, Temuco, Chile; Doctoral Program of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Universidad Católica de Temuco, P.O. Box 15-D, Temuco, Chile.
Nucleus of Environmental Sciences (NEA), Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jun 25;775:144716. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144716. Epub 2021 Jan 21.
The global aquaculture industry has grown exponentially in recent years using to control of infections and diseases, a variety of veterinary drugs (VMP) are used, including antibiotics, antifungals and antiparasitics, which have different routes of emission, environmental persistence and side effects to aquatic organisms, becoming one of the main concerns in its use of veterinary drugs (VMP) and its potential toxicological impact on the environment, in this context, Chile is considered one of the main salmon producers. Ecological risk assessment of active principles used infreshwater fish farms worldwide and in Chile were investigated. We recollect a physical - chemical properties of active principles used by fish farms and we could estimate the relative hazard a priori. Later active principles grouped as antibiotics (n = 6), antiparasitics (n = 5), anesthetics (n = 3), and disinfectants (n = 7) were assessed using a mass balance model based on fugacity was developed for each active principle under treatments via immersion and food administration in fish, while a volumetric model for disinfectants and sodium chloride was used for estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC), under a real smolt farming scenario in fish farms. Ecotoxicological data were collected from open literature to predict the no-effect concentration (PNEC). The ecological risk assessment was characterized using a risk quotient (RQ = PEC/PNEC) based in two assessment tiers. Results revealed that 12 active ingredients showed a high risk (RQ ≥ 1), thus indicating that adverse effects could occur and further investigation with measured concentrations in the field are required to reduce exposure in surface waters.
近年来，全球水产养殖业呈指数级增长，为了控制感染和疾病，使用了多种兽药（VMP），包括抗生素、抗真菌药和抗寄生虫药，它们的排放途径、环境持久性和对水生生物的副作用都不同，成为其使用兽药（VMP）及其对环境潜在毒理学影响的主要关注点之一。在这种情况下，智利被认为是主要的鲑鱼生产国之一。本研究调查了全球和智利淡水养殖场使用的活性物质的生态风险评估。我们收集了养殖场使用的活性物质的物理-化学性质，并可以预先估计相对危害。随后，将活性物质分为抗生素（n=6）、抗寄生虫药（n=5）、麻醉剂（n=3）和消毒剂（n=7），并使用基于逸度的质量平衡模型进行评估，该模型是为每种活性物质通过浸泡和食物管理在鱼类中进行处理而开发的，而对于消毒剂和氯化钠，则使用体积模型来估计预测的环境浓度（PEC），这是在鱼类养殖场的真实半咸水养殖场景下进行的。从公开文献中收集了毒理学数据，以预测无效应浓度（PNEC）。生态风险评估采用基于两个评估级别的风险商数（RQ=PEC/PNEC）进行描述。结果表明，有 12 种活性成分显示出高风险（RQ≥1），这表明可能会发生不利影响，需要进一步进行现场测量浓度的调查，以减少地表水的暴露。
