Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
PLoS Pathog. 2021 Feb 26;17(2):e1009364. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009364. eCollection 2021 Feb.
Previously, we reported that cellular transcription factor ZASC1 facilitates DNA-dependent/RNA-independent recruitment of HIV-1 TAT and the cellular elongation factor P-TEFb to the HIV-1 promoter and is a critical factor in regulating HIV-1 transcriptional elongation (PLoS Path e1003712). Here we report that cellular transcription factor ZBTB2 is a novel repressor of HIV-1 gene expression. ZBTB2 strongly co-immunoprecipitated with ZASC1 and was dramatically relocalized by ZASC1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Mutations abolishing ZASC1/ZBTB2 interaction prevented ZBTB2 nuclear relocalization. We show that ZBTB2-induced repression depends on interaction of cellular histone deacetylases (HDACs) with the ZBTB2 POZ domain. Further, ZASC1 interaction specifically recruited ZBTB2 to the HIV-1 promoter, resulting in histone deacetylation and transcription repression. Depleting ZBTB2 by siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/CAS9 knockout in T cell lines enhanced transcription from HIV-1 vectors lacking Vpr, but not from these vectors expressing Vpr. Since HIV-1 Vpr activates the viral LTR by inducing the ATR kinase/DNA damage response pathway, we investigated ZBTB2 response to Vpr and DNA damaging agents. Expressing Vpr or stimulating the ATR pathway with DNA damaging agents impaired ZASC1's ability to localize ZBTB2 to the nucleus. Moreover, the effects of DNA damaging agents and Vpr on ZBTB2 localization could be blocked by ATR kinase inhibitors. Critically, Vpr and DNA damaging agents decreased ZBTB2 binding to the HIV-1 promoter and increased promoter histone acetylation. Thus, ZBTB2 is recruited to the HIV-1 promoter by ZASC1 and represses transcription, but ATR pathway activation leads to ZBTB2 removal from the promoter, cytoplasmic sequestration and activation of viral transcription. Together, our data show that ZASC1/ZBTB2 integrate the functions of TAT and Vpr to maximize HIV-1 gene expression.
先前,我们报道称,细胞转录因子 ZASC1 有助于 HIV-1 TAT 和细胞伸长因子 P-TEFb 依赖 DNA/非依赖 RNA 募集到 HIV-1 启动子,并在调节 HIV-1 转录延伸中是一个关键因素 (PLoS Path e1003712)。 在这里,我们报告称,细胞转录因子 ZBTB2 是 HIV-1 基因表达的新型抑制剂。ZBTB2 与 ZASC1 强烈共免疫沉淀,并被 ZASC1 从细胞质强烈重定位到细胞核。 消除 ZASC1/ZBTB2 相互作用的突变阻止了 ZBTB2 的核重定位。 我们表明,ZBTB2 诱导的抑制取决于细胞组蛋白去乙酰化酶 (HDACs) 与 ZBTB2 POZ 结构域的相互作用。 进一步,ZASC1 相互作用特异性招募 ZBTB2 到 HIV-1 启动子,导致组蛋白去乙酰化和转录抑制。 在 T 细胞系中通过 siRNA 敲低或 CRISPR/CAS9 敲除耗尽 ZBTB2 增强了缺乏 Vpr 的 HIV-1 载体的转录,但不增强表达 Vpr 的这些载体的转录。 由于 HIV-1 Vpr 通过诱导 ATR 激酶/DNA 损伤反应途径激活病毒 LTR,我们研究了 ZBTB2 对 Vpr 和 DNA 损伤剂的反应。 表达 Vpr 或用 DNA 损伤剂刺激 ATR 途径会损害 ZASC1 将 ZBTB2 定位到核内的能力。 此外,ATR 激酶抑制剂可阻断 DNA 损伤剂和 Vpr 对 ZBTB2 定位的影响。关键的是,Vpr 和 DNA 损伤剂降低了 ZBTB2 与 HIV-1 启动子的结合,并增加了启动子组蛋白乙酰化。 因此,ZASC1 将 ZBTB2 募集到 HIV-1 启动子并抑制转录,但 ATR 途径的激活导致 ZBTB2 从启动子上脱离,细胞质隔离并激活病毒转录。 总之,我们的数据表明,ZASC1/ZBTB2 整合了 TAT 和 Vpr 的功能,以最大限度地提高 HIV-1 基因表达。