Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; email:
Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; email:
Annu Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr 26;39:667-693. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-102119-073855. Epub 2021 Feb 26.
Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the innate immune system appear to be able to gain memory characteristics after transient stimulation, resulting in an enhanced response upon secondary challenge. This phenomenon has been called trained immunity. Trained immunity is characterized by nonspecific increased responsiveness, mediated via extensive metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Trained immunity explains the heterologous effects of vaccines, which result in increased protection against secondary infections. However, in chronic inflammatory conditions, trained immunity can induce maladaptive effects and contribute to hyperinflammation and progression of cardiovascular disease, autoinflammatory syndromes, and neuroinflammation. In this review we summarize the current state of the field of trained immunity, its mechanisms, and its roles in both health and disease.
传统上，先天免疫和适应性免疫系统的区别在于它们的特异性和记忆能力。然而，近年来，这种模式发生了转变：先天免疫系统的细胞似乎能够在短暂刺激后获得记忆特征，从而在二次挑战时产生增强的反应。这种现象被称为训练免疫。训练免疫的特征是非特异性的反应性增强，通过广泛的代谢和表观遗传重编程来介导。训练免疫解释了疫苗的异源效应，即增加对二次感染的保护。然而，在慢性炎症情况下，训练免疫可能会引起适应性不良的影响，并导致过度炎症和心血管疾病、自身炎症综合征和神经炎症的进展。在这篇综述中，我们总结了训练免疫的当前研究状况、其机制以及在健康和疾病中的作用。
